A D V 
JE D I 
tion of damages against the adulterer ; and 
to divorce and strip- the adultress of her 
dower, is all the punishment she incurs. And, 
indeed, it must be owned, that the laying a 
heavy tine upon the man, and punishing the 
woman in the manner just mentioned, is as 
likely, if not more so, to prevent the fre- 
quency of adultery, as more severe methods. 
Adultery is also used for any kind of un- 
chastity ; in which sense divines understand 
the seventh commandment. 
Adultery, in the scripture -language, is 
1 kewise used for idolatry, or forsaking the 
worship of the true God for that of a false 
one. 
ADUMBRATION, in heraldry, denotes 
the shadow of any beast or charge outlined, 
and painted of a darker colour than the lield. 
ADVOCATE, advocutus, among the Ro- 
mans, a person who undertook the defence of 
causes, which he pleaded much in the same 
manner as our barristers do at present. 
Advocates were held in great honour du- 
ring the first ages of the Roman common- 
wealth, being styled comitcs, honorati, ela- 
rissimi, and even patroni. The term advo- 
cate is still retained in ail countries where the 
civil law obtains. In Scotland there is a col- 
lege of advocates, consisting of one hundred 
and eighty persons, appointed to plead in all 
actions before the lords of session. In France 
there are two kinds of advocates; or those 
who plead, and those who only give their 
opinions, like our chamber-counsellors. 
Advocate, lord, one of the officers of 
state in Scotland, who pleads in all causes of 
the crown, or wherein the king is concerned. 
The lord advocate sometimes happens to be 
one of the lords of session ; in which case, he 
only pleads in the king’s causes. 
Advocate fiscal, fisci advocatus, in Ro- 
man antiquity, was an officer of state under 
the Roman emperors, who pleaded in ail 
causes wherein the fiscus, or private treasury, 
was concerned. 
A-dvocates consistorial, officers of the 
consistory at Rome, who plead in all oppo- 
sitions to tiie disposal of benefices in that 
court : they are ten in number. 
Advocate of a city, in the German po- 
lity, a magistrate appointed, in the emperor’s 
name, to administer justice. 
■ Advocate, among ecclesiastical writers, a 
person who undertook the defence of a 
church, monastery, &c. Of these there were 
several kinds ; as elective advocates, or those 
chosen by the chapter, bishop, abbot, &c. no- 
minative advocates, or those appointed bv the 
emperor, pope, &c. military advocates, those 
who undertook the defence of the church ra- 
ther by arms than eloquence, &c. There 
were also feudal advocates, supreme and sub- 
ordinate advocates; and matricular advo- 
cates, or those of the mother or cathedral 
church. 
ADVOCATION, among civilians, the act 
of calling another to assist in pleading some 
cause. 
Advocation, letters of, in the law of 
Scotland, a writ issued by the lords of session, 
advocating, or calling, a cause from an incom- 
petent judge to themselves. 
ADVOCATIONE decimarum, a writ 
which lies for claiming a fourth part of tithes 
or upwards belonging to any church. 
ADVOVTSON, in law, is the right of pa- 
"trouage, or presenting to a vacant benefice. 
Advowsons are either appendant, or in 
gross. Appendant advowsons are those which 
depend on a manor, or lands, and pass as ap- 
purtenances of the same; whereas advowson 
in gross is aright of presentation subsisting by 
itself, belonging to a person, and not to lands. 
Whenever the property of an advowson has 
been once separated from the property of the 
manor by legal conveyance, it never can af- 
terwards be re-united, but remains for ever an 
advowson in gross. In either case, advow- 
sons are no less the property of the patrons 
than their landed estate: accordingly they 
may be granted away by deed or will, and are 
assets in the hands of executors. Papists, 
however, and Jews, seized of any advowsons, 
are disabled from presenting : the right of 
presentation being in this case transferred to 
the chancellors of the universities, or the 
bishop of the diocese. 
ADYTUM, in pagan antiquity, the most 
retired and sacred place of their temples, into 
which none but the priests were allowed to 
enter. The term is purely Greek, signifying 
inaccessible. 
ADZE, a kind of crooked ax, used by 
coopers, &c. otherwise called addice. 
YEACEA, in Grecian antiquity, solemn fes- 
tivals and games celebrated at /Egina, in ho- 
nour of yEachus; who, on account of his jus- 
tice upon earth, was thought to have been ap- 
pointed one of the judges in hell. 
yEC H MALOT ARCH A, in Jewish anti- 
quity, the title given to the principal leader or 
governor of the Hebrew captives residing in 
Chaldea, Assyria, and the neighbouring 
countries. The Jews themselves call this ma- 
gistrate Hosch-galuth, i. e. chief of the capti- 
vity. Basnage assures us, that there was no 
Tehmalotarch ' before the end of the second 
century : and Prideaux says, that the a?ch;na- 
lotarch, at present, is only the head of their 
religion, like the episcopus JudUeorum in 
England, tire altarch at Alexandria, and the 
ethnarch at Antioch. 
AIDES, in Roman antiquity, signified an 
inferior kind of temple, consecrated indeed to 
some deity, but not by the augurs, 'there 
were avast number of these in antient Rome ; 
thus we read of the cedes fortunes, cedes pads, 
cedes Her culis. Sec. 
JEDICULA, a term used to denote the in- 
ner part of the temple, where the altar and 
statue of the deity stood. 
JEDILE, in Roman antiquity, a magistrate 
whose chief business was to superintend build- 
ings of all kinds, but more especially public 
buildings ; as temples, aqua-duets, bridges, 
&c. 
To the adiles likewise belonged the care of 
the highways, public places, weights and mea- 
sures, '&c. They also fixed the p;ices of pro- 
visions, punished lewd women, and such per- 
sons as frequented gaming-houses. The cus- 
tody of the plebiscita, or orders of the people, 
was* likewise committed to them. They had 
the inspection of comedies, and other theatri- 
cal pieces ; and were obliged to exhibit mag- 
nificent games to the people at their ow n ex- 
pence, whereby many of them were ruined. 
At first the aediles were only two in num- 
ber, and chosen from among the common 
people ; but these being unable to support the 
expence of the public shews, two more were 
created out of the patrician oi’der: these last 
took upon. themselves all the charges of the 
games, and were called cediles curuks, or nia- 
a: g i n 
lores, as the fwo plebeians were denominated 
minor es. 
Julius Caesar, in order to ease these four, 
created two others, who were called ce elite s 
(Hercules, as having the inspection of all man- 
ner of grain committed to their care. 
There were also ax ales in the municipal ci- 
ties, who had much the same authority as those 
in Rome. 
yEDl TITIAN edict, among the Romans, 
was particularly used for the axlite’s sentence, 
allow ing redress to the purchaser of a beast 
or slave that had been imposed on. 
JED ITU US, in Roman antiquity, an offi- 
cer belonging to temples, why had the charge 
of the onei ings, treasure, and sacred utensils. 
The female deities had a woman-officer of this 
kind, called axlitua. 
AGAG ROPi LA, or yEgagrofii.us, in 
natural history, a ball composed of a sub- 
stance resembling hair, generated in the sto- 
mach of the chamois-goat. It is a kind of 
bezoar, called bezoar germanicitm, and is 
possessed of no medicinal virtue, any more 
than the balls of the same kind formed in the 
stomachs of cows, hogs, &c. See Bezoar. 
AG IAS, among antient physicians, a white 
speck on the pupil of the eye, which occa- 
sioned a dimness of sight, and was otherwise 
called aigis and aiglia. 
A1GICERAS, a genus of the class and or- 
der of the pentandria monogynia. The es- 
sential character is, calyx bell-shaped, half 
live-cleft ; capsule bow-shaped, one-cclled, 
gaping on the convex side ; seed inverted. It 
is found in the Molucca islands, and in Cey- 
lon. There are two species, the majus and' 
minus. 
JEGILOPS, an abscess in the corner of the 
eye, next the nose ; or, according to Heister, 
a small tumour caused by an inflammation or 
abscess, which in time, by the acrimonv of itA 
purulent matter, erodes the external skin, la- 
cry mal ducts, and fat round the ball of the 
eye; sometimes it renders the neighbouring 
bones ca;ious to a dangerous degree. 
As to the method of treatment, the surgeon 
is first to endeavour to disperse the tumour, 
by moistening it several times a day with, 
spirit of vitriol ; but if he finds this impracti- 
cable, he is to forward the suppuration as 
much as possible, lest an obstinate fistula, or 
worse consequences, should be the effects of. 
too long delay. For this purpose a plaster of 
diachylon with the gums, or emollient cata- 
plasms, may be used. When fully ripe, the 
tumour is to be laid open with a lancet or 
scalpel, and the ulcer cleaned or healed in the • 
ordinary way. See Surgery. 
iE Giro ps, a genus of the polygamia and 
monoecia class and order, and of the natural 
order of grasses. The essential character is,_ 
calyx a glume, subtriflorous, cartilaginous ; 
corolla a gfeme terminating in a threefold 
awn ; stamina three ; styles two ; seed one. 
There are four species of this grass, all of 
which seem to be annual. They grow in the 
southern parts of Europe. 
jEGIPHILA, a genus of the tetandria. 
monogynia class and order, and the natural 
order of vitices. The corolla is salver-shaped : 
and the essential character is, calyx four- 
toothed ; corolla quadrifid ; style semibifid ; 
berry four-seeded. 
There are four species ; one a native of 
Martinico, the others of Jamaica. They ar*- 
all shrubs of a moderate height. . 
