a i n 
A I R 
A I R 
which proceeded from the edge of the para- 
chute, terminated in a common joining, from 
which shorter ropes proceeded, to the extre- 
mities of which a circular basket was fastened, 
and in this basket Mr. Garnerin placed him- 
self. Now the single rope, which has been 
said above to proceed from the balloon, 
passed through a hole in the centre of the 
parachute, also through certain tin tubes, 
which were placed one after the other in the 
place of the handle or stick of an umbrella, 
and was lastly fastened to the basket ; so that 
when the balloon was in the air, by cutting 
the enu of this rope next to the basket, the 
parachute, with the basket, would be sepa- 
rated from the balloon, and, in falling down- 
wards, would be naturally opened by the re- 
sistance of the air. The use of the tin tubes 
was to let the rope slip off with greater cer- 
tainty, and to prevent its being entangled with 
any of the other ropes, as also to keep the 
parachute at a distance from the basket. 
The balloon began to be filled at about two 
o’clock. There were 36 casks filled with iron 
filings and diluted sulphuric acid, for the 
production of the hydrogen gas. These com- 
municated with three other casks or general 
receivers, to each of which was fixed a tube 
that emptied itself into the main tube attached 
to the balloon. 
At six, the balloon being quite full of gas, 
and the parachute, &c. being attached to it, 
Mr. Garnerin placed himself in the basket, 
and ascended majestically amidst the accla- 
mations of innumerable spectators. The wea- 
ther was the clearest and pleasantest imagin- 
able ; the wind was gentle and about west by 
south; in consequence of which Mr. Garnerin 
went in the direction of about east by north. 
In about eight minutes time, the balloon and 
parachute had ascended to an immense height, 
and Mr. Garnerin, in the basket, could scarce- 
ly be perceived. While every spectator was 
contemplating the grand sight before them, 
Mr. Garnerin cut the rope, and in an instant 
he was separated from the balloon, trusting his 
safety to the parachute. 
At first, viz. before the parachute opened, 
he fell with great velocity ; but as soon as the 
parachute was expanded, which took place a 
few moments after, the descent became very 
gentle and gradual. In this descent a re- 
markable circumstance was observed, namely, 
that the parachute with the appendage of 
cords and basket, soon began to vibrate like 
the pendulum of a clock, and the vibrations 
were so great, that more than once the para- 
chute, and the basket with Mr. Garnerin, seem- 
ed to be on the same level, or quite horizontal, 
which appeared extremely dangerous : how- 
ever, the extent of the vibrations diminished 
as he came pretty near the ground. On 
coming to the earth, Mr. Garnerin expe- 
rienced some pretty strong shocks, and when 
he came out of the basket, he was much dis- 
composed; but he soon recovered his spirits, 
and remained without any material hurt. 
As soon as the parachute was separated 
from the balloon, the latter ascended with 
great rapidity, and, being of an oval form, 
turned itself with its longer axis into an hori- 
zontal position. 
We shall conclude this article with a de- 
scription of the several figures on the plate, to 
which we have before occasionally referred. 
Figure 1 represents a balloon D F, suspended 
by means of the poles G and II, and the 
cord, for the purpose of being filled with gas. 
It is kept steady and held down whilst filling 
by ropes, which are readily disengaged. A, 
A, are two tubs about three feet in diameter, 
and two feet deep, inverted in larger tubs, B, 
B, full of water. At the bottom of each of 
the inverted tubs there is a hole, to which is 
inserted a tin tube; to these the silken tubes 
of the balloon are tied. Each of the tubs, B, 
is surrounded by several strong casks, so re- 
gulated in number and capacity, as to be less 
than half full when the materials are equally 
distributed. In the top of these casks are 
two holes ; to one of which is adapted a tin 
tube, formed so as to pass over the edge of 
the tub B, and through the water, and to ter- 
minate with its aperture under the inverted 
tub A. The other hole, which serves for 
supplying the cask with materials, is stopped 
with a wooden plug. When the balloon is to 
be filled, the common air is first to be ex- 
pelled, then the silken tubes are fastened 
round the tin ones; the iron filings are to be 
put into the casks, then the water, and lastly 
the sulphuric acid. • The balloon will speedily 
be inflated by the hydrogen gas, and support 
itself without the aid of the rope G II. As 
the filling advances, a net is adjusted about it, 
the cords proceeding from the net are fastened 
to the hoop M N, the boat 1 K is suspended 
from the hoop, and whatever is wanted for 
the voyage is deposited in the boat. When 
the balloon is sufficiently full, the silken tubes 
are separated from the tin tubes, their ex- 
tremities are tied, and they are placed in the 
boat. When the aeronauts are seated in the 
boat, the ropes that held the balloon down are 
slipped off, and the machine ascends in the 
air as in figure 2. In figure 3, is a represen- 
tation of a part of M. Garnerin’s balloon in its 
ascent, to which is attached the parachute, in 
its contracted state, and below is the car. 
Figure 4 shews the manner in which M. G ar- 
nerin descended in the car by means of the 
expanded parachute, after, he had detached 
it from the balloon. In figure 5 is represented 
an apparatus as described by Mr. Cavallo, 
for filling balloons of the size of two or three 
feet in diameter with inflammable air, after 
passing it through water. A is a bottle with 
the ingredients ;BCDa tube fastened in the 
neck at B, and passing through C, the cork 
of the other bottle, in which there is a hole 
made to receive the tube, and to this the 
balloon is tied. Thus the inflammable air 
coming out of the tube D, will pass first 
through tire water of the bottle E, and then 
into the balloon. Two small casks may be 
used instead of the bottles A and E. 
To obtain the gas from the coarser kind of 
materials, the following apparatus may be re- 
commended. Let a vessel be made of Iron 
in the shape of a Florence flask (figure 6). 
Put the substance into this vessel, so as to 
fill about three-fourths of its cavity. Lute a 
tube of brass to the neck C of the vessel, and 
let the end D of the tube be shaped as in the 
figure, so that going into the water H I, it 
may terminate under a sort of inverted vessel, 
E F, to the upper aperture of which the 
balloon G is adapted. If now the part A B 
of the vessel is put into the fire, and made 
red-hot, the inflammable air produced will 
come out of the tube C D, and passing 
through the water will at last enter into the 
balloon G. 
AIR-GUN. See Pneumatics. 
3p 
AIR-JACKET, a sort of jacket made of 
leather, in which are several bags, or bladders, 
composed of the same materials, communi- 
cating with each other. These are filled w ith 
air through a leather tube, having a brass 
stop-cock accurately ground at the extremity, 
by which means the air blown in through the 
tube is confined to the bladders. The jacket 
must be wet before, the air is blown into the 
bags, as otherwise it will immediately escape 
through the pores of the leather. By the 
help of these bladders, which are placed near 
the breast, the person is supported in the wa- 
ter, without making any effort to swim, 
AIR-PIPES, an invention for drawing foul 
air out of ships, or any other close places, by 
means of fire. These pipes were first disco- 
vered by a Mr. Sutton, a brewer in London ; 
and from him have got the name of Sutton's 
Air-pipes. The principle on which their 
operation depends, is no other than that air is 
necessary for the support of fire ; and, if it has 
not access from the places most adjacent, will 
not fail to come from those that are more re- 
mote. Thus, in a common furnace, the air 
enters through the ash-hole ; but if this is 
closed up, and a hole made in the side of a 
furnace, the air will rush in with great violence 
through that hole. If a tube of any length, 
whatever is inserted in this hole, the air will 
rush through the tube into the fire, and of con- 
sequence there will be a continued circula- 
tion of air in that place where the extremity 
of the tube is laid. Mr. Sutton’s contrivance 
then amounts to this. As, in every ship of 
any bulk, there is already provided a copper 
or boiling-place proportionable to the size of 
the vessel ; it is proposed to clear the bad air 
by means of the fire already used under the 
coppers or boiling-places for the necessary 
uses of the ship, It is well known, that, under 
every such copper or boiler, there are placed 
two holes, separated by a grate ; the first of 
which is for the fire, and the other for the 
ashes falling from it; and that there is also a 
flue from the fire-place upward, by which the 
smoke of the fire is discharged at some con- 
venient place of the ship. It is also well 
known, that the fire once lighted in these fire- 
places, is only preserved by the constant 
draught of air through these’ two holes and 
flue ; and that if the holes are closely stopped 
up, the fire, though burning ever so briskly 
before, is immediately put out. But if, after 
shutting up these holes, another hole is open- 
ed, communicating with any other room or 
airy place, and with the fire, it is clear the 
fire must burn as before, (here being a like 
draught of air through it as there was before 
the stopping up of the first holes. It is there- 
fore proposed, that, in order to clear the holds 
of ships of the bad air contained in them, the 
two holes abovementioned, the fire-place and 
ash-place, be both closed up with substantial- 
and tight iron doors, and a copper or leaden 
pipe, of sufficient size, be laid from the hold 
into the ash-place, for the draught of air to 
come in that way to feed the fire. And thus 
it seems plain, from what has been already 
said, that there w ill be, from the hold, a con- 
stant discharge of the air ; and consequently, 
that air, so discharged, must be as constantly 
supplied by fresh air down the hatches orsuch 
other communications as are opened into the 
hold. And if into this principal pipe so laid 
into the hold, other pipes are let in, commu- 
nicating respectively either with the well ox 
t 
