74 A 'N A 
the churches, designed for the entertainment 
of strangers and poor persons. 
ANACARD1UM, or Cashew-nut 
tree : a genus of the monogynia order, be- 
longing to the decandria class of plants ; and 
in the natural method ranking under the 12th 
order, holoraceae. The characters are: the 
calyx is divided into live parts, the divisions 
ovate and deciduous : the corolla consists of 
live retlected petals, twice the length of the 
calyx : the stamina consists of ten capillary 
filaments shorter than tiie calyx, one of them 
castrated ; the anthers are small and round- 
ish : the pistillum has a roundish germen ; the 
stylus is subulated, inflected, and the length 
of the corolla; the stigma oblique: there is 
no pericarpium ; the receptaculum is very 
large and fleshy : the seed is a large kidney- 
shaped nut, placed above the receptaculum. 
Only one species is known, viz. 
Anacardium occidentals. It grows natu- 
rally in the A Vest Indies, and arrives at the 
height of 20 feet in those places of which it 
is a native. The fruit of this tree is as large 
ns an orange; and is full of an acid juice, 
which is frequently made use of in making 
punch. To the apex of this fruit grows a 
nut, of the size and shape of a hare’s kidney, 
but it is much larger at the end which is next 
to the fruit than at the other. The shell is 
very hard ; and the kernel which is sweet and 
pleasant, is covered with a thin film. Be- 
tween this and the shell js lodged a thick, 
blackish, inflammable liquor, of such a caus- 
tic nature in the fresh nuts, that if the lips 
chance to touch it, blisters will immediately 
follow. 'The kernels are eaten raw, roasted, 
or pickled. The caustic, liquor just mention- 
ed is esteemed an excellent cosmetic with the 
West India young ladies, but they must cer- 
tainly suffer' a great deal of pain in its appli- 
cation. The milky juice of this tree will 
stain linen of a good black, which cannot be 
washed out. This plant is easily raised from 
the nuts, which should be planted each in a 
separate pot filled with light sandy earth, and 
plunged into a good hot-bed of tanner’s bark ; 
they must also be kept from moisture till the 
plants come up, otherwise the nuts are apt 
to rot. tf the nuts are fresh, the plants will 
come up in about a month ; and in two 
months more they will be four or five inches 
high, with large leaves : from, which quick 
progress many people have been deceived, 
imagining they would continue the like quick 
growth afterwards ; but with all the care that 
.can be taken, they never come to any kind of 
perfection even in our best stoves. See Plate 
jN at. Hist. fig. 14. 
ANACHORET, in church-history, de- 
notes a hermit, or solitary monk, who retires 
from the society of mankind into some desert, 
with a view to avoid the temptations of the 
world, and to be more at leisure for medita- 
.tion and prayer. 
ANACHORITA, a name given to the 
cells of recluses ; by the antient canons, no 
anachorita could be erected without the con- 
sent of the bishop. 
ANACRHON ISM, in matters of literature, 
an error with respect to chronology, wdiereby 
an event is placed earlier than it really hap- 
pened. Such is that of Virgil, who placed 
Dido in Africa at the time of Tineas, though 
in reality, she did not come here till 300 
wears after the taking of Troy. 
ANACLASTICS, anaclasfica, that part 
A N A 
of optics, which considers the refraction of 
light. 
Anaclastic glasses, a low kind of 
phials, which have the property of being flex- 
ible, and emitting a vehement noise, by the 
application of the human breath. They are 
made of a fine glass, with fiat bellies resemb- 
ling inverted funnels, with bottoms almost as 
thin as the skin of an onion. The bottom 
which is convex, by the action of inspiration 
will be drawn in with a prodigious crack, and 
from convex becomes concave ; on the con- 
trary, by expiring or breathing gently into 
them, the bottom returns to its place with 
the same noise. 
ANACLETICUM, among the ancients, 
a particular blast of the trumpet, by which 
the feafulr and flying soldiers were rallied 
and recalled to the combat. 
ANACREONTIC verse, in antient 
poetry, a kind of verse, so called from its 
being much used by the poet Anacreon. It 
consists of three feet and a half, usually 
spondees and iambuses, and sometimes ana- 
pests; such is that of Horace, 
Lydia die per onines. 
ANACYCLUS, a genus of the syngenesia 
polygamist class and order. The essential 
character is, recept. chaffy : down emargi- 
nate : seeds solitary with membranous wings. 
There are 4 species, all annuals, and somewhat 
resembling the chrysanthemum in the flower, 
foliage, and habits. 
ANADEMA, in antiquity, denotes the 
fillet which the kings of Persia wore round 
their head. Anadema denotes also a kind 
of ornament which women wore on their 
heads like a garland. 
ANADIPLOSIS, in rhetoric and poetry, 
a repetition of the last word of a line, or clause 
of a sentence, in the beginning of the next : 
thus, 
Pierides, vos line facietis maxima G alio : 
Gallo, cujus amor, &c. 
Et matutinis accredula vocibus instat, 
Vocibus instat, & assiduas jacit ore querelas. 
Among physicians, the renewal of a cold 
fit, in a semitertian fever, before the fit is 
entirely ended. 
ANADROMOUS, among ichthyologists, 
a name given to all fish which, at stated sea- 
sons, go from the fresh waiters into the sea, 
and afterwards return back again. Such are 
the salmon, and some other truttaceous fishes. 
AN A. DEI A, in Grecian antiquity, a stool 
whereon the accused person w T as placed to 
make his defence. 
ANAGALLIS, in botany, a genus of 
plants belonging to the pentandria monogynia 
class and order. The essential character is 
cor. rotale ; caps, opening horizontally. 
There are 7 species. The A. arvensis, or com- 
mon phupernil, is a beautiful little scarlet 
flower well known in our fields, and called the 
poor man’s weather-glass, from its property 
of opening in fair weather, and Shutting up on 
the approach of rain. There are some 
foreign species with larger flowers, cultivated 
in our gardens ; particularly the A. fruticosa, 
a beautiful flower, figured in Curtis’s Maga- 
zine, vol. 21. p. 331 . 
ANAGLYPH ICE, the art of embossing. 
ANAGNOSTA, or Anagnostes, in an- 
tiquity, a kind of literary servant, retained 
in the families of persons of distinction, whose 
chief business was to read to them during 
ANA 
meals, or at any other time when they were 
at leisure. 
ANAGRAM, a transposition of the letters 
of some name, whereby a new word is form- 
ed, either to the advantage or disadvantage of 
die person or thing to which tire name be- 
longs : thus, from Galenus is formed Ange- 
lus : from James, Sinrea ; and so of others. 
A miserable species of false wit. 
ANAGROS, in commerce, a measure for 
grain used in some cities of Spain, particular- 
ly at Seville. Forty-six anagros make about 
10J quarters of London. 
ANAGYRIS, Bean-trefoil, in botany, 
a genus -of plants with papilionaceous flowers, 
the vexillmn of which is shorter than any of 
the other petals, and its fruit an oblong pod, 
containing kidney-like seeds : to tiris is to be 
added, that three leaves stand on every petal. 
It belongs to the decandria monogynia class 
and order of Linnaius. There are three spe- 
cies. 
ANALEMMA, in geometry, a projection 
of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, 
orthograph ically made bv straight lines and 
ellipses, the eye being supposed at an infinite 
distance, and in the east or west points of the 
horizon. 
Analemma denotes likewise an instrument 
of brass or wood, upon which this kind of 
projection is drawn, with an horizon and cur- 
sor fitted to it, wherein the solstitial colure, 
and all circles parallel to it, will be concent- 
ric circles ; all circles oblique to the eye, will 
be ellipses ; and all circles whose planes pass 
through the eye, will be right lines. 
The use of this instrument is to shew the 
common astronomical problems, which it 
will do, though not very exactly , unless it be 
very large. 
ANALEPTICS, in pharmacy, restorative 
medicines. 
ANALGISTA, among civilians, denotes 
a tutor who is not obliged to give an account 
of his conduct. 
ANALOGY, in literature, a certain re- 
lation and agreement between two or more 
things, which in other respects are entirely 
different : thus the foot of a mountain bears 
an analogy to the foot of an animal, although 
they are two very different things. 
There is likewise an analogy between be- 
ings that have some conformity or resemb- 
lance to one another : for example, between 
animals and plants, and between metals and 
vegetables ; but the analogy is still stronger 
between two different species of certain ani- 
mals. 
Analogy enters much into all our reason- 
ing, and serves to explain and illustrate but 
not to demonstrate. Reasoning by analogy, 
however, may sometimes induce to error : 
thus, tire analogy between the constellation 
called Leo, and the animal of that name, has 
given room to some astrologers to imagine 
that children born under that constellation 
were inspired with a martial spirit. 
Analogy, in botany, is a term that has 
been used to denote the resemblance which 
plants bear to each other, with regard to 
their medical properties and uses. 
Analogy, among geometricians, denotes 
a similitude of ratios. 
Analysis, among logicians, is a method 
of tracing things backward to their source, 
and of resolving knowledge into its original 
principles. 
