fO A N A , 
stan pounds. It is found in tin' oast of Si- 
beria, from the Lena to Kamc hatka. 
25. Anas mania, or scaup duck, is less than 
the common duck. These birds are said to 
take their name from feeding on scaup, or 
broken shell-fish. They differ infinitely in co- 
lours, so that in a flock of forty of fifty there 
are not two alike. 
26. Anas mersa, or Ural duck of Pallas, is 
Somewhat bigger than the common teal. It 
is not seen on the ground) as' from the situa- 
tion of its legs it is unable to .walk; but it 
swims very well and quick. 
27. Anas minuta, or little white and brown 
duck ot Edwards, d his and the' former, ac- 
cording to Latham, are found both on the 
old and new continents. 
28. Anas irtollissima, or eider duck, is 
double the size of the common duck. "This 
species is found in the Wesh rn Isles of 
Scotland, and on the FaFi Isles; but in 
greater numbers in Norway, Iceland, and 
. Greenland ; whence a vast quantity of the 
down, known by the name of eider or odder, 
which these birds furnish, is annually im- 
ported. Its remakrably light, elastic, and 
warm qualities, make it highly esteemed f« r 
1 coverlets. This down is produced from the 
breast of the birds in the breeding season. It 
lays its eggs among the stones or plants near 
the shore-; and prepares if soft bed for them, 
by plucking the dpWii from its own breast. 
'I'he natives watch the opp< rtunity, and take 
away both eggs and nest : the duck lays 
again, ^ and repeats the plucking of its breast : 
if she is robbed after that, she will still lay ; 
but, the drakes must supply the down, as her 
stock is now exhausted : but if her eggs are 
taken a third time, she wholly deserts the place. 
29. Anas Mosehata, or Muscovy duck of 
Ray, has' a naked papillous face, and is a na- 
tive of India. This species is' pretty conurion 
in a domesticated state in almost every na- 
tion. '1 he male will not unfrequently asso- 
ciate and produce a mongrel breed with the 
common duck. The name arises from their 
' exhaling a musky odour, which proceeds 
- from the gland placed on the rump in com- 
mon with <5lher birds. 
30. Anas nigra, the black goose, or scoter, 
is totally black, and has a gibbosity at the' 
base of the bill. It is the lesser black diver 
' of Ray, and measures in length 22 inches. 
These birds are found on the northern coasts 
of Erigland and those of Scotland in the win- 
ter season; but 'no where so common as on 
the French coasts, where they are. sometimes 
seen in prodigious numbers) Their chief 
food is a glossy bivalve shell, near an inch 
long, called by the French vaimeaux.. See 
Plate, Nat. Hist. fig. 18. 
31. Anas quefquedula, garganev, or first 
teal of Aldrovandus. In many places it is 
called the summer teal. 
32' Anas fulicolis, or red-breasted goose. 
This most elegant of geese is found to breed 
from the mouth of the Ob, along the coasts 
of the Icy Sea, to that of the Lena. - • 
33. Anas speetabilis, is common in Green- 
land, wltere the flesh is accounted excellent. 
It produces a down as valuable as the eider'; 
and the skins sewed together make very' 
W; rm garments. 
34. Anas spbnsa, or summer duck ofCates- 
by, is a- most elegant species. It inhabits 
Mexico,' and some Of the West India- isles, mi- 
grating in the summer seasoiras far north as 
40 degrees, or a little beyond.' 
ana 
35. Alias strepera, or gad-wal, lias the 
w ings variegated with black, white, and red. 
It inhabits England in the winter months, and 
is also found at the same season in various 
parts of France and Italy. 
36. Anas tadorna, or sifieldrake, has a flat 
bill, a compressed' forehead, a greenish black 
head, and the body is variegated with white. 
Ibis species is found as fVr north as Iceland. 
It breeds in deserted rabbit-holes, or occu- 
pies them in the absence of the owners, who 
rather than make an attempt at dislodging 
the intruders, form others ; though, in defect 
of ready-made quarters, these birds' will fre- 
quently dig holes for themselves. They lav 
15 or 16 roundish white eggs. T his spe- 
cies, Air. Latham informs us, may be hatched 
under a tame duck, and the young readily 
brought up ; but are apt after a few years, to 
attempt the mastery over the rest of the 
poultry. 
37. Anas tetrax, of campestris, is of the 
size of a pheasant, ami of the nature of the 
bustard, having no hinder toe. It runs very 
swiftly, and sits on the ground as the duck 
does in the water, whence it has its name 
Anas. 
ANASARCA, in medicine, a species of 
dropsy, wherein the skin appears puffed up 
and swelled, and yields to the impression of 
the fingers like dough. See Medicine. 
ANASTATICA, in botany, the name of 
a genus of tetrad) namious plants of the or- 
der siiiculosa, called in English, the rose of 
Jericho: its down* consists of four roundish 
petals, disposed in the form of a cross ; and 
its fruit is a short bilocular pod, containing 
in each cell a single roundish seed. T wo spe- 
cies annual. 
Anastatica, a species of vorticella, 
in the fifth order of vermes, infusoria. It is 
compound, with bell-shaped tlqwers, foot 
stalks scaly and rigid. This is the second 
species of clustering polypi described by 
Trembley. 
AN ASTO MASTS, or Anastomosis, in 
anatomy, the opening of the mouths of ves- 
sels, in order to discharge their contained 
fluids. It likewise denotes the communica- 
tion, of two vessels at their extremities; for 
example, the inosculation of a vein with a 
vein, of an artery with an artery, or of an a r- 
tery with a vein. 
ANASTOMATTCS, in pharmacy, medi- 
cines supposed to have the power of opening 
the mouths of vessels, and promoting the 
circulation of the blood. 
ANASTROPHE, in rhetoric and gram- 
mar, denotes the inversion of the natural or- 
der of the words : suchis Saxaper & scopu- 
los, for Per saxa & scopulos. 
ANATHEMA, among ecclesiastical writ- 
ers, imports whatever is set apart, sepa rated, 
or devoted ; but is most usually meant to 
express the cutting offp* person from the 
privileges of a society and communion with 
the faithful. The anathema differs from ex- 
communication in the circumstance' of being 
attended with curses and execrations. 
Several councils have pronounced anathe- 
mas against such as they thought corrupted 
the purity of the faith. 
There are two kinds of anathemas, the 
one judiciary, and the other abjuratory. 
The former can only be denounced by "a 
council, a pope, or a bishop ; the latter 
makes a part of the ceremony of abjuration, 
A NT A 
the convert being obliged to anathematise the 
heresy he abjures. 
Anathema, in Heathen antiquity, was 
an offering or present made to some* deity, 
so called from its being hung up in thetempfe. 
VV henever a person left off his employ- 
ment, it Was usual to dedicate tire tools to the 
patron-deity of such a inde. Persons too 
who had escaped some imminent danger, 
as shipwreck and the like, or had met with 
any other remarkable instance of good for- 
tune, seldom failed to testify their gratitude 
by some present of this kind. * 
ANATINUS, in conchology, a species of 
solen ; found on the sandy shores ot the In- 
dian ocean. It is also a species of the inytillus 
common in the rivers of England, and known 
by the name of duck, or small horse-muscle. 
ANAT1S, a species of pediculus insect, 
that infests the wild duck. It is the name 
also of another creature that is found in the 
intestines of (lie velvet duck : and a species 
ot arcaris, of the order intestina in the vermes 
class. 
ANATOMY is the science which teaches 
us the internal conformation of the human 
body, both the solids and fluids of which are 
its particular objects. 
T he solids ot the human body consist of, 
I. Bones, which give support to the other 
parts of the body. 
j 2. Cartilages, which are much softer than 
the bones, and also flexible and elastic. 
3. Ligaments, which are more flexible 
still, and connect the ends of the bones to 
eaoh Other. 
4. Membranes, or planes of minutely in- 
terwoven fibres. 
5. Cellular substance, which is formed of 
membranes minutely interwoven with each 
other. 
6. Muscles, which ate soft and contractile 
bundles of fibres. 
7. Tendons, which generally form the hard 
and inelastic terminations of muscles. 
8. Viscera, which are portions of the body 
loosely contained in great cavities. 
9. Glands, which separate various fluids 
from the blood. 
10. Vessels, which are membranous canals 
dividing into branches and transmitting blood 
and other fluids. 
II. Adipose substance, an animal oil con- 
tained in the cells of the cellular membrane. 
12. The cerebral substance, which is of a 
peculiar nature. 
13. Nerves, which are bundles of white 
cords connected by one end to the brain or 
spinal marrow, and thence expanded over 
every part of the body in order to receive im- 
pressions from external objects, or to produce 
muscular motion. 
Th £ fluids of the human body are, 
1. Blood, which circulates through the ves- 
sels and nourishes the whole fabric. 
2. Perspirable matter, excreted by the ves- 
sels of the skin. 
3. Sebaceous matter, by the glands of the 
skin. 
4. Urine, by the kidneys. 
5. Ceruminous matter, secreted by the 
ceruminous glands of the external ear. 
6. Tears, by the lachrymal glands. 
7. Saliva, by the salival glands of the 
mouth,. &c) ' 
8. Mucus, by the mucous glands of the 
mouth, &c. 
9. Pancreaticjuice, by the pancreas. 
