IA, Me, tvv the livef.. 
3 1 . Gastric juice, by the stomach, 
12. Oil, by the vessels of the adipose mera- 
- lorane. 
13. Synovia, by the synovial glands of the 
joints. 
• 14. Seminal fluid, by the testes. 
15. Milk, by the mammary glands. 
Anatomy, therefore, from the names of the 
'parts which it considers, is divided into 
1. Osteogeny, which is the doctrine of the 
growth of the bones, 
2. Osteology, or the doctrine of adult 
bones. 
3. Chondrology, or the doctrine of car- 
tilages. 
4. Syndesmology, or the doctrine of liga- 
ments. 
5. • Myology, or the doctrine of muscles. 
6. Bursalogy, or the doctrine of the bursa; 
mucosae. 
7. Splanchnology., or the doctrine of the 
• viscera. 
8. Angiology, or the doctrine of the ves- 
. sels. 
• . 9 ■ Adenology, or the doctrine of the glands. 
10. Neurology, or the doctrine of the 
nerves, &c. Sec. Sec. 
ftSTEOGONY. 
Osteogeny treats of ossification, or the 
'growth of bones. 
It takes place in the flat bones of the head 
• in the form of radii, which diverge from a com- 
: mon centre.— -In the middle of the cylindri- 
cal bones, it takes place in the form of a flat 
ring, surrounding the internal, and surrounded 
• by the external periosteum or membranes of 
the bone. — In irregular bones, it commences 
by a number of minute points. 
OSTEOLOGY. 
This division of anatomical science treats 
of tire adult or full-grown hones. 
It is at present taught in the medical schools 
• of London, that bones consist of fibres and 
tamh Ike. The doctrine is nevertheless a false 
! one, for the celebrated Scarpa of Pavia has 
several years since demonstrated that a cellu- 
lar, reticular, and vascular parenchyma con- 
stitutes the basis in which are secreted the 
earthy matters to which bones owe their so- 
lidity, and that consequently their intimate 
' structure is the same with that of the soft parts 
of the body. 
The long cylindrical or triangular bones 
' consist of two epiphyses, which form their ter- 
mination, and are internally spongy, and of a 
diaphysis or middle portion, 'which is placed 
between the two epiphyses, and is externally 
of a compact structure, and internally reticu- 
' lar, where its net-work supports the bags of the 
• marrow. The broad or flat bones of the body 
■ are extremely irregular in their form. 
The periosteum of bones is that membrane 
which covers them, gives attachment to their 
ligaments and muscles, and conducts to them 
vessels and nerves. ' 
The marrow of bones is an oleaginous fluid 
' contained within the membranous bags, oc- 
cupying their cells; but its use is totally un- 
known. 
- Numerous bloodvessels pass into bones by 
small holes on their surface ; and the minute 
manner in which these vessels are distributed 
is beautifully demonstrated by observing the 
ANATOMY, 
fed tinge which they assume in animals with 
whose food madder is mixed. 
In considering the individual bones of the 
human body, it is proper to commence with 
those of the head, which are generally ar- 
ranged into bones of the skull, and bones of 
the face. The bones of the skull are eight in 
number, namely, the os fronds, the two ossa 
parietalia, the os occipitis, the two ossatem- 
porum, the. os sphenoid es, and the os eth- 
moides. The two last of these are said to be 
common to the head and face, because they 
constitute apart of both. We shall proceed 
to consider them in the order in which they 
are here enumerated. 
The os fronds is placed in the fore part of 
die skull, and forms the brow and the upper 
part of the orbits of the eyes. It is convex ex- 
ternally, and concave internally, and has a 
serrated semicircular edge, which is turned 
upward, while its lower part is extremely irre- 
gular. It bears, in form, a great likeness to 
the shell of the common cockle. In children, 
and sometimes in women, it is divided down 
the middle by a longitudinal suture, or ser- 
rated junction. 
The ossa parietalia form all the superior, 
and some of the lateral parts of the skull. 
They are convex externally, concave inter- 
nally, and of an irregular quadrangular form. 
Their sides are anterior, posterior, superior, 
and inferior, which last is of a semicircular 
form. Their angles are.posterior superior, pos- 
terior inferior, anterior superior, and anterior 
inferior ; which last is produced into a process. 
The os occipitis is situated in the lower and 
back part of the skull. It is convex exter- 
nally, concave internally, and irregularly rhoni- 
boidal in its form. 
The ossa temporum are situated at the 
lower part of the sides and base of the cra- 
nium, and are of a very irregular figure. 
Their upper part, named os squamosum, is 
externally smooth, and lias a thin semicircular 
edge; their posterior part, called pars mam- 
millaris, is thicker and less regular ; and their 
inferior part becoming smaller, and extending 
horizontally inward and forward, obtains the 
name of os petrosum, from its excessive hard- 
ness. 
The os sphenoides is situated in the middle 
of the base of the skull, and extends across it 
from one temple to the other. It is extremely 
irregular in its figure, and is divided into a 
body placed in the middle, two a he on the 
sides, and two pterygoid processes projecting 
downward from the junction of the body and 
alx. 
The os ethmoides is placed in the middle 
of the forepart of the basis of the cranium. It 
consists of a cribriform portion, which is placed 
horizontally ; a nasal portion, which, passing 
downward, contributes to separate thenares; 
two ossa turbinata, which are external to the 
last ; the cells of the bone, which are placed 
still more externally ; and the ossa plana, 
which are most external, and assist in the for- 
mation of the inner sides of the orbits. 
These bones of the cranium are connected 
by certain sutures or serrated junctions : 
which are, the coronal, ascending over the 
forepart of the skull ; the lambdoidal, placed 
at its posterior part ; the sagittal, joining 
these two in the middle of the upper part of 
the skull ; the squamous, which are placed on 
each side ; and the sphenoidal and ethmoidal, 
surrounding the bones of the same name. 
11 
The bor.es of the face are fourteen in num- 
ber ; and ot these 
The ossa nasi constitute the arch of the 
nose. 
The ossa lachrvmalia are placed at the lore- 
part of the inner edge ot the orbits of the 
eyes. 
" The ossa malarum, of an irregular square 
form, constitute tire prominences ot tne 
cheeks. 
The cssa. maxillaria superiora are of a very 
irregular form, constitute the upper jaw, and 
contain the sixteen upper teeth. 
The ossa palati are also very .irregular, and 
situated at the posterior part ot the palate, 
nares, and orbit. 
The ossa turbinata inferiora very much re- 
semble those of the ethmoid bone. 
The vomer is a thin plate of bone, which 
contributes to complete the septum narium, 
or division of the nares. . . 
The maxilla inferior is, as its name Indi- 
cates, the bone of the lower, jawyuantl con- 
tains the inferior sixteen teeth. ■ 
The teeth are thirty-two i.n munber, inter- 
nally composed of a bony substance, harder 
in its texture than common bone, find cover- 
ed at their greater extremity vyith a cortex, or 
enamel, which is much harder still. 1 eter- 
nally each tooth consists of a head, a neck, 
or narrow place immediately bi;iow the heed, 
and one or more tangs, or roots, which. -are 
sunk in the jaws. They consist of. three 
classes, viz. four inciscres, the front t.eeth of 
each jaw; two euspidati, placed on . each 
side of the former; four, bicuspides- .behind 
the last ; and six molares behind these. 1 he 
last of the molafes, -from the lateness of thy 
period at which it makes its appearance, is 
termed dens sapientiax , 
The os hyoides, or bone of tire tongue, re- 
sembles in form the Greek v, whence its 
name. It consists of a body, two cornua, 
and two appendices. 
The bones of the trunk consist of those of 
the spine, the pelvis, and the thorax. 
The spine consists of twenty -four true or 
moveable, and five false or immoveable ver- 
tebra-, likewise denominated the 1 os sacrum, 
and of one small bone named os coccy gis. 
The true vertebrae consist of a body, a ring 
placed behind the body-transmitting the spi- 
nal marrow, and of seven processes,- four ot 
which are articular, or serve to connect the 
vertebra; with each other ; and three are tor 
the purposes of muscular attachment ; of these 
two are termed transverse, from their pro- 
jecting laterally ; and one spinous, from its 
forming the ridge or spine of the back. The- 
true vertebra; are also divided into classes, 
from their situation in the cervix cr neck, in 
the dorsum or back, and in the lumbar re- 
gions or loins. The first class is the -cervical, 
including the first seven ; the first of which is 
termed atlas, from its supporting the head ; 
and the second dentatus, from its having a 
tooth-like process, which passes upwards into 
the former, and all of which have their trans- 
verse processes perforated by a hole for trans- 
mitting the vertebral arteries to the head. 
The second class is the dorsal, consisting of 
twelve, which are larger than the cervical, 
and are distinguished by having their sides 
and transverse processes depressed for con- 
nection with the ribs. The third class is the 
lumbar, consisting of five, which are large? 
