leva! or ani, in the female almost precisely re- 
semble the same muscles in the male. 
Muscles situated within the pelvis. 
Of these there are two pairs. 
1. Obturator interims arises from the in- 
ternal circumference of the thyroid foramen, 
and is inserted into the lop of the trochanter 
[ major. Its use is to roll the os femoris ob- 
I liquely outward. 
2. The coccygeus arises from the spinous 
process of the os ischium, and is inserted into 
the end of the sacrum, and into the os coccy- 
eis. Its use is to move the os coccvgis for- 
I ward. 
Muscles situated within the cavity of the 
abdomen. 
They consist of a single muscle and four 
pairs. 
'1 he diaphragm is a broad thin muscle 
forming a septum between the thorax and ab- 
domen, concave below and convex above. It 
is commonly divided into two portions. 
1 . The superior or greater muscle of the 
diaphragm arises from the cartilago ensiformis, 
from the cartilages of the seventh and all the 
inferior ribs, and is inserted into a tendon 
situated in the middle of the septum. 
2. The inferior or lesser muscle of the 
diaphragm arises from the second, third, and 
, fourth lumbar vertebra.*, by eight heads; of 
which two in the middle, called its crura, are 
the longest : and is inserted into the posterior 
part of the middle tendon. Its chief use is as 
a principal agent in respiration. 
The four pairs are, 
1. The quadratus lumborum arises from 
the posterior part of the spine of the ilium, 
ami is inserted into the transverse processes 
of the lumbar vertebra, into -the last rib, and 
into the last dorsal vertebra... Its use is to 
move the loins to one side. 
2. Psoas parvus arises from the sides of the 
two' upper lumbar vertebrae, and is inserted 
into the brim of the pelvis. Its use is to 
assist the psoas magnus in bending the loius. 
3. Psoas magnus arises from the side of the 
body and transverse process of the last dorsal 
vertebra, and in the same manner from all 
the lumbar. It is inserted into the trochanter 
minor. Its use is to bend the thigh. 
4. The iliaeus interims arises from the trans- 
verse process of the last vertebra of the loins, 
from the crista, and from the hollow part of 
the ilium. It is inserted along with the for- 
mer. Its use is to assist the psoas. 
Muscles on the fore part of the thorax. 
These consist of two layers, and the first 
layer of one muscle. 
The pectoralis major arises from the ex- 
| tremitles of the fifth and sixth ribs, from al- 
most all the sternum, and from half the ante- 
rior part of the clavicle. It is inserted into 
the outside of the groove of the teceps. It 
use is to move the arm forward and up- 
ward. 1 
The second layer consists of three muscles. 
1 . The subclavius arises from the cartilage 
of the first rib, and is inserted into the inferior 
part of the clavicle. Its use is to pull tlie 
clavicle downward and forward. 
2. 'I he pectoralis minor arises from the 
upper edge of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, 
near their cartilages, and is inserted into the 
\CL. I. 
ANATOMY. 
coracoid process of the scapula. Its use is to 
bring the scapula forward and downward. 
3. The serratus magnus arises from the 
nine superior ribs, and is inserted into the 
whole base of the scapula internally. Its use 
is to move that bone forward. 
Muscles placed between the ribs. 
These are the intercostales externi et in- 
tend, which, arising in two layers from the 
lower edge of one nb, are inserted into the 
upper edge of another, and whose use is to 
approximate the ribs. 
The muscles within the thorax are one 
pair. 
The triangularis, or sterno-costalis, arises 
from the cartilago ensiformis laterally, and 
from the inferior part of the edge of the 
middle bone of the sternum. It is inserted 
into the lower edge of the cartilages of the 
third, fourth, and fifth ribs. Its use is to de- 
press these cartilages. 
Muscles on the fore part of the neck, close to 
the vertebra:. 
They consist of one layer, formed by four 
muscles. 
1. Longus colli arises from the three supe- 
rior laterally, and from the transverse pro- 
cess of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cer- 
vical. It is inserted into the fore part of the 
vertebrae of the neck. Its use is to bend the 
neck. 
2. The rectus capitis interims major arises 
from the transverse processes of the third, 
fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, and 
is inserted into the cuneiform process of the 
O' ocripitis. Its use is to bend the head 
forward. 
3. Rectus capitis interims major arises from 
the body of the atlas, and is inserted into the 
condyloid process of the os occipitis. Its 
use is to nod the head forward. 
4. The rectus capitis lateralis arises from 
the tip of the transverse process of the atlas, 
and is inserted into the os occipitis external 
to the foramen magnum. Its use is to bend 
the head to one side. 
On the side of the neck, 
1. Scalenus anticus arises from the fourth, 
fifth, and sixth transverse processes of the 
neck, and is inserted into the upper side of 
the first rib. 
2- Scalenus medius arises from the transverse 
processes ot the cervical vertebrae, and is in- 
serted into the first rib. 
3. Scalenus posticus arises from the fifth 
and sixth transverse processes of the cervical 
vertebrae, and is inserted into the upper edge 
of the second rib. The use of the three scaleni 
is to bend the neck to one side, or to elevate 
the ribs and dilate the thorax. 
Muscles situated on the back of the trunk. 
The following muscles are described as they 
appear on dissection. 
1 . I lie trapezius, seu cucularis, arises from 
the protuberance of the os occipitis, and from 
the rough line that extends from it towards 
the temporal bone, runs down along the 
nape of the neck, where it seems to arise from 
its fellow; arises also from the spinous pro- 
cesses of the two inferior cervical, and from 
those of all the dorsal vertebral. It is inserted 
into the posterior half of the clavicle, into the 
acromion, and into almost all the' spine of the 
scapula. Its use is to move the scapula ac- 
81 
cording to the three different directions of its 
fibres. 
2. The latissimus dorsi arises from the 
back of the spine of the ilium, from all the 
spinous processes of the sacrum and lumbar 
vertebra;, and from the seven inferior ones of 
the vertebra; of the back : also from the ex - 
tremities of the three or four inferior ribs. Ir 
is inserted into the inner edge of the groove 
of the tendon of the biceps. " Its use is to pull 
the arm backward and downward, and to 
roll the os humeri. 
3. The serratus posticus inferior arises 
from the spinal processes of the two inferior 
dorsal vertebra;, and from the three superior 
lumbar. It is inserted into the lower edges 
of the four inferior ribs. Its use is tp depress 
the ribs into which it is inserted. 
4. The rhomboideus is divided into two 
portions. 1. The rhomboideus major, which 
arises from the spinous processes of the five 
superior vertebra; of the back, and is inserted 
into all the basis of the scapula below its 
spine. Its use is to draw the scapula obliquely 
upwards and directly inwards. 2. Rhom- 
boideus minor, which arises from the spinous 
processes of the three inferior vertebra; of the 
neck, and from the ligamentum nucha*. It 
is inserted into the base of the scapula, oppo- 
site to its spine. Its use is to assist the fo riner. 
5. The serratus superior posticus, arises 
from the spinous processes of the three last 
vertebrae ot the neek, and the two uppermost 
ot the back. It is inserted into the second, 
third, fourth, and fifth ribs. . Its use is to ele- 
vate tire ribs and dilate the thorax. 
6. The levator scapulas arises? from the 
transverse processes of the five superior ver- 
tebrae ot the neck. It is inserted fleshy into 
the superior angle of the scapula. Its use is 
to pull the scapula upwards and forwards. 
On the neck, 
1. r lhe splenius arises from the four su- 
perior spinous processes of the vertebrae of 
the back, from the five inferior of the neck, 
and adheres to the ligamentum nucha*. It is 
inserted into the five superior transverse pro- 
cesses of the cervical vertebra;, into the back 
ot the mastoid process, and into the os occi- 
pitis. Its use is to bring the head backward 
laterally. 
2. The complexm arises from the trans- 
verse processes of the seven superior vertebrae 
of the back, and four inferior of the neck ; it 
also receives a slip from the spinous process 
of the first vertebra ol the back. It is in- 
serted into the protuberance of the os occipi- 
tis, and into part ot its transverse ridge. Its 
use is to draw the head backwards laterally. 
3. 1 he trachelo-mastoideus arises from the 
transverse processes ot the three uppermost 
dorsal and live lowermost cervical vertebra;. 
It is inserted into the back of the mastoid 
process. Its use is to assist the coin plexus. 
4. I he transvcrsalis colli arises from the 
transverse processes oi the live uppermost 
vertebra; ot the back. It is inserted into the 
transverse processes of all the cervical ver- 
tebra, except the first and the last. Its use 
is to turn the neck obliquely backward, and 
to one side, 
5. The rectus capitis posticus major arises 
from the spinous process of the dentata. It 
is inserted into the os occipitis. Its use is to 
pull the head backwards. 
t>. J he rectus capitis posticus minor arises 
from the back part of the atlas. It is in- 
