ANATOMY. 
£3 
sorted behind the foramen magnum. Its use 
is to assist the rectus major. 
7. The obliques capitis superior arises from 
the transverse process of the atlas. It is in- 
serted into tile os occipitis, behind the back 
ot the mastoid process. Its use is to draw the 
head backwards. 
8. 'i he obliquus capitis inferior arises from 
the spinous process ot the dentata, and is in- 
serted into the transverse process of the atlas. 
Its use is to rotate the head. 
fin the back near to the spine : 
1. The sacro-lumbalis arises in common 
with the longissimus dorsi, inserted into the 
curve oi all the ribs. Its use is to pull the 
ribs down, and assist to erect the trunk of the 
body. 
2. The longissimus dorsi arises from the 
side, and all the spines of the sacrum; from 
the posterior spine of the ilium, from the 
spines, and from the transverse processes of 
the lumbar vertebrae. It is inserted into the 
transverse processes of the 'dorsal vertebra*, 
and into the lower edge of all the ribs except 
the two inferior, near their tubercles. Its use 
is to extend the trunk. 
3. The spinalis dorsi arises from the spines 
of the two uppermost lumbar vertebra;, and 
the three inferior dorsal vertebrae. It is in- 
serted into the spines of the nine uppermost 
dorsal vertebrae, except the first, its use is 
to fix the vertebrae, and to assist in raising 
the spine. 
4. The semispinalis dorsi arises from the 
transverse processes of the seventh, eighth, 
ninth, and tenth dorsal vertebra*, and is in- 
serted into the spines of all the dorsal vertebrae 
above the eighth, and into the two lowermost 
cervical vertebrae. Its use is to extend the 
spine, obliquely backwards. 
On the neck : 
1. The semispinalis colli arises from the 
transverse processes of the six uppermost 
vertebrae of the back. It is inserted into the 
spines of all the cervical vertebra*, except 
the first and- last. Its use is to extend the 
neck obliquely backward. 
2. The multifidus spina arises from the 
side and spine of the sacrum, and from the 
posterior part of the ilium; from all the 
oblique and transverse processes of the lumbar 
vertebrae; from all the transverse processes 
of the dorsal vertebra ; and from those of the 
cervical, except the three first. It is inserted 
into all the spines of the lumbar, dorsal, and 
cervical vertebrae, except the first. Its use 
is to extend the vertebra backwards. 
1. The jnterspinales colli arise from the 
spine of the inferior vertebra of the neck, and 
ascend to be inserted into tire spine of the 
superior vertebra. They are five in number. 
Their use is to draw these processes nearer to 
each other. 
2. The intertransversales colli arise from 
the inferior transverse process of each ver- 
tebra of the neck, and first of the back, and 
are inserted into the superior transverse pro- 
cesses. Their use is to draw, these processes 
towards each other, and turn the neck to 
one side. 
3. 4, and 5. The interspinales dorsi et 
lumborum, and the intertransversales dorsi, 
are rather small tendons than muscles, serv- 
ing to connect the spinal and transverse pro- 
cesses. 
0. The intertransversales lumborum are 
four distinct small bundles which fill up the 
spaces between the transverse processes of 
the lumbar vertebra*, and serve to draw them 
towards each other. 
Muscles oti the shoulder. 
1. Deltoides arises from the clavicle, pro- 
cessus, acromion and spine of the scapula, it 
is inserted into the anterior and middle part 
of the os humeri. Its use is to raise the arm. 
2. Supraspinatus arises from the basis, 
spine, and upper costa of the scapula. It is 
inserted into a large tuberosity gt the head of 
the os humeri, its use is to raise the arm. 
3. infraspinatus arises from the basis and 
spine of the scapula. It is inserted into Hie 
upper and middle part of the tuberosity. Its 
use is to roll the os humeri outwards. 
4. Teres minor arises, from the inferior 
costa of the scapula. It is inserted into the 
lower part of the tuberosity, and rolls the 
humerus outward. 
5. Teres major arises from the inferior 
angle, and costa of the scapula, it is inserted 
into the ridge at the inner side of the groove 
formed for the long head of the biceps. Its 
use is to assist in the rotatory motion of the 
arm. 
0. Subscapularis arises from the basis, su- 
perior and inferior costa; of the scapula, it 
is inserted into the upper part ot a small 
tuberosity at. the head or the os humeri. Its 
use is to roll the arm inwards. 
7. Coraeo-brachialis arises from the cora- 
coid process of the scapula, ft is inserted 
into tiie inner side of the os humeri. Its use 
is to raise the arm forwards and upwards. 
Muscles on the arm. 
1. Biceps flexor cubiti arises by two. heads, 
one from the coracoid process, and the other, 
or long head, from the upper and outer edge 
of the glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is 
inserted into the tuberosity at the upper end 
of the radius. Its use is to bend the fore- 
arm. 
2. Brachial is internus arises from the os 
humeri, below', and at each side of the tendon 
of the deltoides. It is inserted into a small 
tuberosity at the fore part of the coronoid 
process of the ulna, and into the upper and 
outer part of the olecranon. Its use is to 
assist in bending the fore-arm. 
3. Triceps extensor cubiti arises by three 
heads : the first from the inferior costa of the 
scapula; the second from the upper and 
outer part of the os humeri ; and tiie third 
from the back part of that bone. 
Muscles on the fore arm. 
1. Supinator longus arises from the ridge 
and anterior surface of the os humeri, a little 
above its outer condyle. It is inserted into 
the radius near its styloid process. Its use is 
to assist in turning the palm of the hand up- 
wards. 
2. Extensor carpi radialis longus arises 
immediately below the origin of the supinator 
longus. It is inserted into the upper part of 
the metacarpal bone of the middle finger. 
Its use is to assist the extensor longus. 
3. Extensor carpi radialis brevis arises from 
the outer and lower part of the outer condyle 
and the upper part of the radius. It is in- 
serted into the back part of all the bones of 
the four fingers. Its use is to extend the 
fingers. 
4. Extensor digitorum communis arises from 
the outer condyle of the os humeri It h> in- 
serted into the back part of ail the bones of 
the four fingers. 
5. Extensor minimi digiti arises from the 
outer condyle of the os humeri. It is inserted 
into the bones of the little finger. Its use is 
to extend the little finger. 
(i. Extensor carpi ulnaris arises from the 
condyle of the os humeri. It is inserted into 
the metacarpal- bone of the little finger. Its 
use is to assist in extending the wrist. 
7. Ancomens arises from the outer condyle 
of the os humeri, it is inserted into the 
outer edge of the ulna. Its use is to extend 
the fore-arm. 
8. Flexor carpi ulnaris arises from the inner 
condyle of the os humeri, and anterior edge 
of the olecranon. It is inserted into the os 
pyriforihe. Its use is to assist in bending the 
hand. 
9. Palmaris longus arises from the inner 
condyle of the os humeri. It is inserted into 
the internal annular ligament. Its use is to 
bend the hand. 
10. Flexor carpi radialis arises from the 
inner condyle of the os humeri, it is inserted 
into the metacarpal bone of the fore finger. 
Its use is to bend the hand. 
11: Pronator radii brevis arises from the 
outer condyle of the os humeri, and coronoid 
process of the ulna. It is inserted into the 
anterior and convex edge of the radius, near 
its middle. Its use is to roil the band in- 
wards. 
12. Flexor sublimis perforates arises from 
the inner condyle of the os humeri, inner 
edge of the coronoid process of the ulna, and 
upper and anterior part of the radius. It is 
inserted into the second bone of each finger. 
Its use is to bend the second joint of the 
fingers. 
13. Supinator radii brevis arises from the 
outer condyle of the os humeri, the posterior 
surface and’ outer edge of the ulna. It is in- 
serted into the anterior, inner, and upper 
part of the radius. Its use is to roll the ra- 
dius outwards. 
14. Abductor pollicis longus arises from 
the middle and back part of the ulna, inteross- 
eous ligament, and radius. It is inserted by 
two tendons into the os trapezium, and first 
bone of the thumb. Its use is to stretch the 
first bone of the thumb outwards. 
15. Extensor minor pollicis arises from the 
back part of the ulna, and interosseous liga- 
ment and radius. It is inserted into the con- 
vex part of the second bone of the thumb. 
Its use is to extend the second bone of the 
thumb obliquely outwards. 
16. Extensor major pollicis arises from the 
back part of the ulna and interosseous liga- 
ment. It is inserted into the third and last 
bone of the thumb. Its use is to stretch the 
thumb obliquely backwards. 
1 7. Indicator arises from the middle of the 
ulna. It is inserted into the metacarpal bone 
of the fore’ finger. Its use is to extend the 
fore finger. 
18. Flexor profundus performs arises from 
the upper and forepart of the ulna, and inter- 
osseous ligament. It is inserted into the fore 
part of the last bone of each of the fingers. Its 
use is to bend the last joint of the fingers. 
1 9. Flexor longus pollicis arises from the 
upper and fore part of the radius. It is in- 
serted into the last joint of the thumb. Its 
use is to bend the last joint of the thumb. 
