84 
ANATOMY 
Part of the fibula. Tt is inserted into the inner 
‘hul upper part of the os naviculare, and side 
of the os cuneiforme medium. Its use is to 
move the foot inwards. 
8. Peroneus longus arises from the outer 
side of the head of the tibia, and also from the 
upper anterior and outer part of the fibula, to 
winch it adheres for a considerable way down. 
It is inserted into the metatarsal bone of the 
great toe. Us use is to extend and to move 
the loot outward. 
9. Peroneus brevis arises from the outer and 
fore part of the fibula. It is inserted into the 
metatarsal bone of the little toe. Its use is 
to assist the last-described muscle. 
10. E,x Censor longus digitorum pedis arises 
from the upper, outer, and fore part of the 
tibia, interosseous ligament, and inner edge 
of the fibula. It is inserted by four tendons 
into the first joint of the smaller toes. Its use 
is to extend the toeS. 
11. Peroneus tertius arises from the fore 
part of the lower half of the libula, and from 
the interosseous ligament. It is inserted into 
the metatarsal bone of the little toe. Its 
use is to bend the foot. 
12. Tibialis anticus arises from the upper 
and fore part of the tibia. It is inserted into 
the os cuneiforme internum. Its use is to 
bend the foot. 
13. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis arises 
from the upper and fore part of the tibia. It 
is inserted into the convex surface of the bones 
of the great toe.. Its use is to extend the 
great tae. 
Muscles on the foot. 
1. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis arises 
from the upper and anterior part of the os 
raids. It is inserted by four tendons; one of 
which joins the tendon of Ihe externus longus 
pollicis, and the other three the tendons of 
the extensor digitorum longus. Its use is to 
extend the toes. 
2. Flexor brevis digitorum pedis arises 
from the lower part of the os calcis. It is in- 
serted by four tendons, which, after affording 
a passage to those of the flexor longus, are 
inserted into the second phalanx of each of 
the small toes. Its use is to bend the second 
joint of the toes. 
3. Abductor pollicis pedis arises from the in- 
ner and lower part of the os calcis. It is insert- 
ed into the first joint of the great toe. Its use 
is to move the great toe from the other toes. 
4. Abductor minimi digiti arises from the 
outer tubercle of the os calcis, the root of the 
metatarsal bone of the little toe, and also from 
the aponeurosis plantaris. It is inserted into 
the outer side of the first joint of the little toe. 
Its use is to draw the little toe outwards. 
3. Lumbricalis pedis arises from the ten- 
dons of the flexor longus digitorum pedis It 
is inserted into the tendinous expansion, at 
the part of the toes. Its use is to draw the 
toes inwards. 
6. Flexor brevis pollicis pedis arises from 
the inferior and anterior part of the os calcis, 
and also from the inferior part of the cunei- 
forme externum. It is inserted by two ten- 
dons into the fir t joint of the great toe. Its 
use is to bend that joint. 
7. Adductor pollicis pedis arises from near 
the roots of the metatarsal bones of the second, 
third, and fourth toes. It is inserted into the 
outer sesamoid bone, or first joint ot the great 
toe. Its use is to draw the great toe nearer 
to the rest, and also to bend it. 
8. Transversales pedis arises from the outer 
and under part of the anterior end of the 
metatarsal bone of the little toe. It is insert- 
ed into the inner os sesamoideum and anterior 
end of the metatarsal bone of the great toe. 
Its use is to contract the foot. 
9. Flexor brevis minimi digiti pedis arises 
from the basis of the metatarsal bone of the 
little toe. It is inserted into the first joint of 
the little toe. Its use is to bend the little toe. 
10. Interossei pedis interni et externi, si- 
tuated between the metatarsal bones. 
Splanchnology explains the doctrine of 
the viscera. These are, according to their si- 
tuation, divided into thoracic, abdominal, and 
pelvic. The cavity of the thorax is divided 
into five lesser cavities, viz. the anterior cavity 
of the mediastinum, the posterior cavity of the 
mediastinum, the cavity of the pericardium, 
and the right and left cavities ot the thorax. 
The contents of the thorax are the pleura, pe- 
ricardium, heart, lungs and bronchi®, thymus 
gland, oesophagus, thoracic duct, arch of the 
aorta, descending cava, vena azygos, par va- 
gtim, and great intercostal nerve. The pleura 
is, from its situation, lining the ribs, or covering 
the lungs, divided into pleura pulmonalis, and 
costahs. The pericardium, or capsule of the 
heart, exhales from its internal surface a va- 
pour which in the dead subject forms the 
aqua pericardii. The heart consists of a base, 
sides, and an apex; its right side being also 
anterior, and its left posterior ; the auricles are 
placed toward its base, the ventricles extend 
to its apex ; the last-mentioned cavities con- 
tain the column® carni® and chord® tendi- 
ng®, give exit to the great arteries, and are 
separated from the auricles by the tricuspid 
valves, while the mouths of the arteries are 
protracted by the semilunar valves ; the right 
auricle contains the musculi pectinati, tuber- 
culum Loweri, fossa ovalis, Eustachian valve, 
and opening of the coronary vein, as well as 
the terminations of the ven® cav® ; the left 
auricle contains the openings of the pulmo- 
nary veins ; the auricles are separated by the 
septum auriculorum, the ventricles by the sep- 
tum ventriculorum. The lungs consist ot a 
right and left ; the right having three lobes, 
the left only two ; the bronchi® continued from 
the trachia, and consisting of smaller cartila- 
ginous circles, divide into capillary tubes,which 
terminate in the vesicul® bronchioles; the 
combination of these vesicles form the lobuli, 
which are connected by the interlobular sub- 
stance. The thymus gland is peculiar to the 
fetus, nor lias its duct "been discovered. The 
oesophagus is a membranous and muscular 
canal, requiring no particular description ; 
and the thoracic duct, arch of the aorta, &c. 
as well as the minuti® of the thoracic viscera 
in general, are described elsewhere. The 
mamma; on the external part of the thorax 
consist of a body containing the mammary 
gland and lactiferous ducts, an areola, and a 
papilla or nipple. 
Before describing the abdominal viscera, 
we may enumerate the salival glands, as they 
also are referable to the article splanchno- 
logy. They are the parotid, maxillary, sub- 
lingual, thyroid, molar, buccal, labial, lin- 
gual, amygdaline, palatine, uvular, arytenoid, 
&c. the names of most of which explain their 
situation. The mouth, fauces, pharynx, and 
oesophagus, are the continuations of one cavity. 
The abdomen is divided into the epigastric, 
hypochondriac, umbilical, epicholic, hypogas- 
tric, and inguinal regions. Its contents are 
the peritoneum and its productions, the sto- 
mach, the small and large intestines, the 
liver and gall-bladder, the spleen and the 
pancreas, the kidneys, ureters, &c. The chief 
productions of the peritoneum are the great 
and small omentum and the mesentery, sup- 
porting and conveying the vessels to the intes- 
tines. 'Ehe stomach consists of a great and 
small curvature, a great and small extremity, 
one orifice named cardiac, and another 
termed pylorus. The small intestines con- 
sist of the 'duodenum, distinguished by its val- 
vul® conniventes and glandul® Brumeri, the 
jejunum, remarkable for its ligamentary band, 
valvul® conniventes, and plexus glandulosi 
Peyeri, and the ileum, distinguished also by 
its ligamentary band, but having less promi- 
nent valves and glands. The great intestines 
consist of the c®cum, which possesses an ap- 
pendix, and has upon it the commencement 
of three ligamentary bands of the colon, con- 
sisting of an ascending, transverse, and de- 
scending portion, and having externally ap- 
pendices epiploic®, and strong ligamentary 
bands, and internally valvul® conniventes 
forming between them the cells of the colon, 
and that valve which has been called the great 
valve of the colon, cxcum, or ileum, and of 
the rectum terminating in the anus. The 
liver consists of two great and one small lobe, 
termed lobulus Spigellii ; it has a middle, 
right, left, and a round ligament ; its internal 
structure is composed of the penecilli, or ter- 
minations of the veil® port®, the pori biiiarii, 
in which the bile is secreted, and the hepatic 
ducts, which terminate in one trunk, and con- 
vey the bile from the liver. The gall-bladder 
consists of a fundus, a body, and a neck, which 
terminates in the duct called cysticus, and this 
joining the hepatic, they form together the 
ductus communis choledochus. The spleen is 
not properly understood, either in its struc- 
ture or uses. The pancreas resembles in 
structure the salivary glands, and possesses a 
duct which terminates together with the duc- 
tus communis choledochus, in the duodenum. 
The kidneys are placed behind the peritone- 
um, and consist internally of a papillary, and 
externally of a cortical substance, while their 
middle part is striated;* their internal cavity 
is called pelvis, and opens into tl>e ureter. 
The renal capsules are placed at the upper 
art of the kidney, and their uses are uil- 
nown. 
The pelvic viscera consist of the urinary 
bladder, and the male and female organs of 
generation. The bladder consists of a fundus 
or bottom, a body, and a neck ; its coats are a 
muscular, a cellular, and a villous. The male 
organs of generation consist of the testis, which 
has three coats, the tunica vaginalis, the cre- 
master, and the tunica albuginea, the internal 
structure of which consists of delicate tubes, 
membranous septa, cells, and semeniferous 
ducts, terminating in the epididymis. This 
convoluted vessel afterwards assumes the name 
of vas deferens, and opens within the prostate 
gland along with the vesicul® seminales, which 
are apparently cellular, but in reality tubular 
bodies, placed between the rectum and inferior 
part of the bladder. The prostate gland is 
situated between the neck ot the bladder and 
the bulb of the urethra ; the small projection 
on its inner surface is named caruncula, or 
