verumontairum, and on each side of it several j 
ducts open from the gland. The penis itself 
consists of the corpora cavernosa on each side, 
the urethra interiorly, the corpus spongiosum 
surrounding the former, the glans penis termi- 
nating the corpus spongiosum, and the integu- 
ments and preputium, which invest the whole. 
The female organs of generation consist of the 
pubes, or mons Veneris, the labia, the clitoris 
consisting of two crura and a body , the nymplue 
internal to the labia, the urethra much shorter 
i than that of the male, and having similar lacuna 1 , 
f and the vagina, which in virgins contains the 
: hymen or circulus membraneus, and in mar- 
ried women its remains called carunculic myr- 
tiformes. These are the external parts of ge- 
neration in the female. The internal are the 
uterus and its appendages. T he uterus con- 
sists of a neck, a body, and a fundus, and has a 
triangular cavity within it; its inferior aperture 
\ is called 6s tinea-. 'The ligamenta lata tie the 
; uterus to the sides of the pelvis. The ovaria 
j are fixed by the round ligaments to its corners, 
■ and the Fallopian tubes proceed from its fundus 
j toward the sides of the pelvis, terminating in a 
fimbriated manner, and being enveloped, as 
! well as the ovaria, in the broad ligaments. 
Angiology, or the doctrine of the vessels 
of the body, (from ayyuov, a vessel, and xoyos, 
a discourse) is divided into three parts, one 
which treats of the absorbents, another the ar- 
teries, and a third of the veins. 
Of the absorbent system. 
For the discovery of the principal parts of 
this system, we are chiefly indebted to Asel- 
I lius, Pacquet, Rudbeck, Jolyflfe, and Barlho- 
lin. Some of the vessels of which it consists 
had indeed been seen and mentioned by their 
predecessors, but it was in too cursory a man- 
I ner to give them any title to the discovery. 
Thus the lacteals had been seen in kids by 
! Erasistratus, who calls them arteries, as we 
j are informed by Galen : and the thoracic duct 
j had been seen by Eustachius, who speaks of it 
as a vein of a pa- tit uiar kind, 
in 1622, Aselljus discovered those vessels 
! on the mesentery, which, from their carrying 
a milk-white fluid, he denominated lacteals. 
This discovery being made by opening a liv- 
ing dog, anatomists were thence encouraged 
to make experiments on living animals ; and 
Pacquet, on opening a dog, in the year 1051, 
found a white fluid mixed with the blood in 
the right auricle of the heart : suspecting this 
fluid to be chyle, he endeavoured to determine 
how it got from the the lacteals into the heart. 
'Phis he found was by means of the ductus 
thoracicus, which he traced from the lacteals 
to the subclavian vein ; and thus he clearly 
proved the existence of that duct which we 
now consider as the trunk of the system. Just 
before this time, the lacteals had been suppos- 
ed to terminate in the liver, conformably to 
the idea which the physiologists of that period 
had adopted about the use of this organ, which, 
from the authority of the older anatomists, 
they believed was the viscus haunatopoeticum, 
or received the chyle from the intestines to 
convert it into blood. 
In the years 1651 and 1652, Rudbeck, 
Jolyffe, and Bartholin, discovered the other 
parts of this system, which, from their carry- 
ing a transparent and colourless fluid, are 
called the lymphatic vessels. 'I hus there was 
proved to exist in the animal body a system of 
small vessels, containing fluids very different 
ANATOM V, 
from the blood, and opening into the sangui- 
ferous vessels at the leu subclavian vein. 
After this period, Nuck added to our know- 
ledge of this system, by his injection's of the 
lymphatic glands: Ruysch, by his description 
of the valves of the lymphatic vessels; and Dr. 
Meekel, by his accurate account' of the whole 
system, and by tracing those vessels in many 
parts where they had not been before de- 
scribed. 
Besides these, doctors Hunter and Monro 
have called the attention of the public to this 
part of anatomy in their controversy concern- 
ing the discovery of the office of the lympha- 
tics.' 
When the lymphatic vessels were first seen 
and traced into the thoracic duct, it was na- 
tural for anatomists to suspect, that as the lac- 
teals absorbed from the cavity of the intestines, 
the lymphatics, which are similar in figure and 
structure, might possibly do the same office 
with respect to the other parts of the body. 
And accordingly, Dr. Glisson, who wrote in 
1654, supposed these vessels arose from cavi- 
ties, and that their use was to absorb. And 
Frederick Hoffman has very explicitly laid 
down the doctrine of the lymphatic vessels 
being a system of absorbents. But anatomists 
in general have been of a contrary opinion ; 
for from experiments, particularly such as 
were made by injections, they have been per- 
suaded that the lymphatic vessels did not arise 
from cavities, raid did not absorb, but were 
merely continuations from small arteries. 'Fire 
doctrine therefore that the lymphatics, like 
the lacteals, were absorbents, as bad been sug- 
gested by Glisson and by Hoffman, has been 
revived by Dr. Hunter and by Dr. Monro, 
who have controverted the experiments of 
their predecessors in anatomy, and have en- 
deavoured to prove that the lymphatic vessels 
are not continued from arteries, but are ab- 
sorbents. 
To this doctrine, however, several objec- 
tions were started, particularly by Haller ; and 
it was found, before the doctrine of the lym- 
phatics being a system of absorbents, could 
be established, it was first to be determined 
whether this system existed in other animals 
besides man and quadrupeds. Mr. Hewson 
claims the merit of having proved the affirma- 
tive of this question, by discovering the lym- 
phatic system in birds, fish, and amphibious 
animals. T he celebrated Soemmerring has 
observed, that these vessels are more than pro- 
portionablv larger in tall men, and more than 
proportionablv less in men of inferior stature. 
r J he absorbent system consists of the lac- 
teals, the lymphatic vessels, their common 
trunk, the thoracic duct, and tire glands called 
conglobate. 
The lacteals begin from the intestinal tube, 
and can, for the most part, be seen in a dog, 
or other large quadruped, that is killed two 
or three hours after eating, when they appear 
filled with a white chyle; but they do not al- 
ways convey a fluid of this colour ; for even in 
a cfog, if opened long after a meal, they are 
found distended with a liquor that is transpa- 
rent and colourless, like the lymph ; and in 
birds the chyle is never found white, but al- 
ways transparent. These vessels therefore 
might, with as much propriety, be called the 
lymphatics of the intestines. 
The lymphatic vessels are small pellucid 
tubes, that have now been discovered in most 
parts of the human body. The fluid they con- 
65 
tain is generally as colourless as water; a cir- 
cumstance which procured them at first the 
name of ductus aquosi, and afterwards that of 
vasa lymphatiea. The course of the lymph, 
like that of the chyle, is from the extreme 
parts of the body towards the centre ; and 
many of the lymphatic vessels lie close to the 
large blood-vessels. If, therefore, a ligature be 
thrown round the large blood-vesselsof the ex- 
tremities of a living animal, or of one just dead, 
that ligature, by embracing the lymphatics, 
will stop the course of the lymph, which, by 
distending the vessels, will make them visible 
below the ligature. 
All the lacteals, and most of the lymphatic 
vessels,' open into the thoracic duct, which 
lies upon the spine, and runs up towards the 
neck of the animal, where it commonly opens 
into the angle between the internal jugular 
and subclavian veins of the left side: and thus 
both the chyle and the lymph are mixed with 
the blood. If therefore a ligature be thrown 
round the thoracic duct immediately after 
killing an animal, not only the lacteal, but also 
the lymphatic vessels in the abdomen and 
lower extremities, become distended with their 
natural fluids. 
T he lacteals, tire lymphatics, and the tho- 
racic duct, all agree in having their coats 
thinner and more pellucid than those of the 
blood-vessels. But although their coats are 
so thin, they are very strong ; as we daily see 
on injecting them with mercury, since they 
resist a column of that fluid whose weight 
would make it burst through blood-vessels, 
the coats of which are many times thicker 
than those of the lymphatic system. 
The thinness of the coats prevents our di- 
viding them from one another, and thereby 
ascertaining their number as we do those of 
the blood-vessels. But as the blood-vessels 
have a dense internal coat, to prevent transu- 
dation, we have reason to believe the lympha- 
tics have the same. And as the blood-vessels 
have a muscular coat, which assists in the cir- 
culation, so may the lymphatics. This is 
rendered probable from what Dr. Haller says 
of his having found them irritable in his ex- 
periments, and also from what is observed on 
seeing them in living animals distended with 
their lymph, in which case they appear of a 
considerable size ; but upon emptying them 
of their contents, they contract so much as 
not to be easily distinguished. This experi- 
ment, Mr. Hewson informs us, he frequently 
made in the trunk of the lacteals in a goose, 
and on the lymphatic vessels on its neck ; both 
of which, when distended with their natural 
fluids, are as large as a crow-quill ; but upon 
emptying them in the living animal, he has 
seen them contract so much, that it was with 
the greatest difficulty lie could distinguish 
them from the fibres. * 
The coats of lymphatic vessels have, in 
common with all other parts of the body, ar- 
teries and veins For their nourishment. This 
is rendered probable by their being suscep- 
tible of inflammation; for they are frequently 
found in the form of a cord, painful to the 
touch, and extending from an ulcer to the 
next lymphatic gland. These painful swell- 
ings of lymphatic vessels likewise show that 
their coats have sensibility, and therefore that 
they have nerves as well as arteries and veins. 
Besides, we can clearly trace in different parts 
of the body, blood-vessels running along their 
surfaces. 
