ANATOMY. 
{H 
convex margin new parallel branches arise, 
which again soon dividing, inosculate with the 
adjacent branches, forming smaller and more 
numerous arches. From the convexity of 
t hose arches other branches arise, forming a 
third series of arches, and where the branches 
are longest, even the fourth or fifth series, til! 
the last branches near the intestines, dividing 
into anterior and posterior, encircle these vis- 
cera, and gradually penetrating their coats, 
form most beautiful arborescent ramifications 
on the cellular membrane. These arches, by 
means of their twigs, not only form various 
inosculations among themselves, but also with 
the arborescent ramifications of the two sur- 
faces. The inner intestinal coat is so covered 
by these branches and the veins, as to give it 
the appearance of being wholly vascular. The 
trunks of these arborescents lie on the roots 
of the valvular. The arches are polygons; 
and the first series larger than the .rest. The 
lymphatic glands and coats of the vessels are 
surrounded with numerous and various twigs 
as variously described. 
IV. The inferior mesenteric or left colic. — 
This artery rises between the venal and com- 
mon iliacs, from the anterior and left side of 
the aorta, descends behind the peritoneum to 
the left side of the trunk ; and having reached 
that place where the aorta divides into two 
remarkable crura forming the iliacs, sends oif 
a large branch; and after passing the iliac 
artery, sinks behind the rectum into the pel- 
vis. As it here rises forward and to the right, 
it enters the duplicature of the meso-reclum, 
and accompanies the intestine as far as its in- 
ternal sphincter. 
V. Capsular or atrabiliary, right and left. — 
These are distinct small arteries, which, 
though never wanting, as they distribute 
many branches to the capsular gland, yet, 
in almost every individual, they present irre- 
gularities in number, size, or direction. They 
do not, like the vein, issue from one common 
trunk, but from various branches, coming 
ii^ar together nigh the seat of the gland. 
VI. The renal or emulgent artery, right 
■and left. — It is unnecessary to enumerate the 
varieties which anatomists have observed as 
to the number, origin, and magnitude of this 
arterv. It generally rises single from the 
side of the aorta between the superior and 
inferior mesenteric artery, from which it de- 
scends transversely at less than a right angle. 
The left, which 'is rather shorter than the 
right, and more posterior in its origin, turns, 
near the kidney, over its concomitant vein ; 
while the right, "which is longer, is covered 
by its concomitant vein. Approaching the 
renal depression, it divides into two or four 
branches, which, sinking separately before 
and behind the pelvis of the kidney, are 
again divided, and distribute their spread- 
ing branches to the papillary ones. These, 
as they encircle the convex margin of the 
papilla;, form arches with the adjoining 
branches, and seem to separate the cortical 
from the tubular substance. From the con- 
vex and concave margin of each arch rise in- 
numerable small arteries, of which the former 
encircle the cortex, and with some of their 
branches, pass through its substance, and dis- 
appear on the fat ; while the rest are chiefly 
dispersed and exhausted on the tubular part. 
Before entering the kidney, the renals give 
out, 
VII. The spermatic artery, right and 
left. — This artery is very slender, but; con- 
sidering the smallness of its diameter, is the 
longest that rises from the lateral part of the 
aorta. It generally has its origin between 
the renal and mesenteric arteries, though the 
right and left do not always issue from the 
same place ; the left often rising higher, and 
proceeding frequently from the renal or the 
inferior capsular. I have observed at times, 
two on each side. It descends from the 
aorta somewhat tortuously, at a very acute 
angle, behind the peritoneum, and passes 
before the vena cava on the right side. It is 
more tortuous in women than in men, in 
whom it passes through the abdominai ring. 
It joins its concomitant vein upon the surface 
of the psoas muscle. Received by the sper- 
matic cord, it is divided, at some inches 
before reaching the testes, into five branches: 
two of which go to the head and upper ex- 
tremity of the epididymis ; while the rest 
running down to the testicle itself, penetrate 
the tunica albuginea, and send off new 
branches in every new direction ; which, 
proceeding in a winding course, and reduced 
to the inferior margin of the testes, are partly 
exhausted on its substance, and partly on the 
convolutions ©f the seminiferous ducts. 
VIII. The lumbar arteries, right and 
left — five in number ; issuing from the lateral 
and posterior part of the aorta, at nearly a 
right angle. The first runs transversely 
under' the first vertebra of the loins; the 
fifth, between the last vertebra and os sacrum; 
and the rest between the vertebral intestines’ 
while all of them, after being reflected round 
the'spine, sink into the intervening spaces ot 
the vertebra?. The right are longer than the 
left. The superior proceed in a straight line, 
while the inferior incline a little downwards. 
Two sometimes arise from a single trunk, 
and all except the first are covered by the 
psoas muscle. 
THIRD SUBDIVISION. 
Branches from the termination of the aorta. 
Distribution of the common iliacs. 
The common iliacs exhaust the whole of 
the aorta. The right iliac crosses the lower 
part of the vena cava, near the origin of the 
iliac vein. The left leans on the outside of its 
concomitant vein, but does not cover it. A 
little below, each divides into two branches : 
the one, named the internal iliac or hypo- 
gastric, sinks into the cavity of the pelvis ; 
the other, called the external iliac, passes to 
the thigh, where it receives the name of the 
femoral. The sacro-median, and, at times, 
some minute arteries, are in general, the only 
branches of the common iliacs. 
The sacro-median — similar in size to 
the lumbar, is an azygous artery; and, 
rising from the bifurcation, or a little 
higher from the middle of the aorta, 
or from one of the lumbars, or some- 
times from one of the common iliacs, 
runs down along the middle of the an- 
terior surface of the sacrum, as far as 
the coccyx, where it forms with the 
sacro-laterals, an arch whose convexity 
is downward. 
(I.) The internal iliac or hypogastric — 
five times larger in the foetus than the ex- 
ternal; but, after a year, only equal in size; 
for while the umbilical exhausts almost 
the whole blood of the trunk, it seems con- 
tinued into this artery, forming an arch 
convex downward, from whose circumference 
the olher small arteries of the pelvis are sent' 
off. When passing the brim of the pelvis, 
behind the peritoneum, it lies, with a more 
obtuse angle, in the middle, between the 
ileum and sacrum ; thence bending gradu- 
ally downwards, between the pelvis and its 
viscera. When the umbilical artery decays, 
the trunk distributes its numerous branches 
in directions so various, that none of them 
seem to follow its course. As the common 
pudic and ischiadic, however, run most 
directly downward, they have generally been 
considered by anatomists as its continuation. 
Its branches, though constant in their desti- 
nation, are irregular in their origin ; some 
being distributed to the pelvic viscera, while 
others run to the external and adjoining 
parts. 
1. The sacro-lateral arteries — irregular in 
origin and number. Sometimes only one, 
sometimes more, even to five, come off 
from the trunk, from the posterior iliac, or 
the ileo-lumbar. If only one be present, it 
goes down, near the foramina of the sacrum 
as far as the coccyx, and there forms the 
arch already mentioned. If more, the su- 
perior inosculate among themselves ; while 
the inferior terminates in the sacro-median. 
2. The obturator artery — rising some- 
times from the epigastric branch of the ex- 
ternal iliac, and running toward the pelvis ; 
more frequently, issuing from the trunk of the ; 
hypogastric, the posterior iliac, the ischiadic 
or ileo-lumbar. It runs downward and for- j 
ward, connected to the bones of the pelvis 
by cellular membrane, following the superior 
edge of the obturator interims : and passing 
through the sinuous depression of the thyroid 
hole, runs to the thigh with its concomitant 
nerve and vein. 
3. The posterior iliac, or gluteal — the] 
largest of all the arteries, issuing from the 
hypogastric. It rises from the back part of 
the trunk, soon after the sacro-lateralis and 
obturator ; passes, deeply upward and back- 
ward, to the superior edge of the pyriform 
muscle, till concealed by the two origins of 
tiie ischiadic nerve, it leaves the pelvis ; then 
winding externally around the pyriformis, if 
distributes its branches among the gluteal 
muscles. Within the pelvis, it sometimes 
gives rise to the ileo-lumbar, obturator, sacro- 
lateralis, ischiadic, and common pudic. 
4. The ischiadic — smaller than the for- 
mer artery, but observing the same course 
with the hypogastric. It passes from the 
pelvis, between the lower edge of the pyri- 
formis and the levator ani, and descends 
under the great gluteus, parallel with the 
larger ischiadic ligament. We have observed 
the trunk divide into two, sending off the 
middle haemorrhoidal and pudic. 
5. 'Fhe common pudic — the pudic — cir- 
cumflex, internal, middle, or external 
pudic — rising often from a common trunk, 
with the ischiadic, but easily distinguished by 
its smaller size, by its bending more forward 
and inward while in the pelvis, by its passing 
out between the pyriformis and the posterior 
part of the levator ani, and by its greater 
distance from that extremity of the pyri- 
formis which is attached to the sacrum. 
Having passed from the cavity of the 
pelvis, it is concealed by the great sacro-1 
sciatic ligament, under which it runs to the 
spine of the ischium, and enters the spaced 
between the lesser and greater sacro-sciatio 
ligaments. Having passed the spine, it next 
