ANATOMY. 
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and neck are the frontal, angular, temporal, 
auricular, lingual, occipital, and muscular. 
Ail these terminate in the external jugular, 
which opens into the subclavian. The veins 
or sinuses of the brain, viz. the cavernous, 
circular, petrosal, occipital, longitudinal, su- 
perior, and inferior, the torcular, herophili, 
and the lateral, on the contrary, terminate in 
■ the internal jugular, which also opens into the 
subclavian, '1 lie vertebral veins returning 
from the brain, terminate similarity. 
The chief veins of the upper extremities 
are the axillary in the axilla, the brachial in 
the arm, and the cephalic on the outside, the 
median on the middle, and the basilic on the 
inside, of the fore-arm. The cephalic and 
basilic veins being joined by the mediana ce- 
phalica and mediana basilica, pass up the arm. 
.. The veins of the thorax are the internal 
thoracic veins, the vena azygos, which returns 
the blood of the intercostal veins, and the two 
subclavian, of which the left is longer than 
the right, on account of the situation of the 
superior cava toward the right side. 
The vena porta;, which is distributed 
through the liver, derives its blood from the 
mesenteric and splenic veins. 
Those of the loins and pelvis exactly cor- 
respond to the lumbar and pelvic arteries. 
The veins of the lower extremities are the* 
vena saphena major, which passes up the in- 
side of the leg and thigh, and terminates in 
the groin ; the vena saphena minor, which 
passes up the outside of the leg, and ter- 
minates in the ham ; the popliteal and the 
crural veins, which accompany their corre- 
sponding arteries. 
It must be observed that both in the leg 
and in the thigh, each deep-seated artery is 
accompanied by two corresponding veins, de- 
nominated vena; sodales. 
Of the eye. 
The principal and most essential part in 
each organ, is the globe or ball of the eye ; 
the others are partly external and partly in- 
ternal. The external parts are the supercilia, 
or eye-brows, the palpebrse, or eye-lids, the 
■caruncula lachrymalis, and the puncta lachry- 
malia ; and the internal parts are the muscles, 
fat, lachrymal gland, nerves, and blood-ves- 
sels. 
The globe or ball of the eye. 
Composition. — The globe of the eye being 
the most essential of all the s®ft parts belong- 
ing to the organ of sight, and being likewise 
a part which we are obliged to mention as 
often as we speak of the other soft parts, must 
be first described. It is made up of several 
proper parts ; some of which being more or 
less solid, represent a kind of shell formed by 
the union of several membranous strata, called 
the coats of the globe of the eye ; and the 
other parts being more or less fluid, and con- 
tained in particular membranous capsula;, or 
in the interstices between the coats, are term- 
ed the humours of the globe of the eye. The 
coats of the globe of the eye are of three 
kinds. Some form chiefly the shell of the 
globe; some are additional, being fixed only to 
a part of the globe ; and some are capsular, 
which contain the humours. The coats, 
which form the globe of the eye, are, the 
sclerotic, to which the convexity of the globe 
is owing ; the cornea, which forms the an- 
terior part of the globe ; the iris, or circle, 
surrounding the pupil, choroides, and retina. 
or expansion of the optic nerve. The addi- 
tional is the conjunctiva, which covers the 
whole fore-part of the eye, and lines the eye- 
lids. The capsular tunica; are two, the vitrea; 
and crystaliina. 
The globe of the eye thus formed, receives 
from behind a pretty large pedicle, which is 
the continuation of the optic nerve. It is 
situated about the middle of the orbit, in the 
manner which we shall afterwards see ; and it 
is tied to it by the optic nerve, by six muscles, 
by the tunica conjunctiva, and by the pal- 
pebra;. The back part of the globe, the 
optic nerve, and muscles, are surrounded by 
a soft, fatty substance, which fills the rest of 
the bottom of the orbit. The humours are 
three in number : the aqueous, vitreous, and 
crystalline. The first is contained in a space 
formed in the interstices of the anterior 
portion of the coats. The second or vitreous 
humour, is contained in a particular membra- 
nous capsula, and fills above three-fourths of 
the shell or cavity of the globe of the eye. It 
has been named vitreous, from its supposed 
resemblance to melted glass ; but is really 
more like the white of a new-laid egg. The 
crystalline humour is so called from its re- 
semblance to crystal, and is often named 
simply the crystalline. It is rather a gummy 
mass than an humour, of a lenticular form, 
more convex on the back than on the fore- 
side, and contained in a fine membrane called 
membrana or capsula crystaliina. 
The external parts of the eye. 
The supercilia, or eye-brows, are the two 
ridges covered with hair, situated at the lower 
part of the forehead, between the top of the 
nose and temples. 
The palpebra; are a kind of veils or cur- 
tains placed transversly above and below the 
anterior portion of the globe of the eye. The 
superior is the largest and most moveable in 
man. 
The tarsi are thin cartilages forming the 
principal part of the edge of each palpebra ; 
and they are broader at the middle than at 
the extremities. The broad ligaments of 
the tarsi are membranous elongations formed 
by the union of the periosteum of the orbits, 
and pericranium along both edges of each 
orbit. The lacrymal gland, the use of which 
till oflate years was not known, is yellowish, 
and of the number of those called conglome- 
rate glands. From this gland several small 
ducts go out, which run down almost parallel 
to each other, through the substance of the 
tunica interna or conjunctiva of the superior 
palpebra', and afterwards pierce it inwardly 
near the superior edge of the tarsus. 
The flat edge of each palpebra is adorned 
with a row of hairs, called cilia, or the eye- 
lashes. Those belonging to the superior 
palpebra; are bent upward, and longer than 
those of the lower palpebra, which are bent 
downward. 
Along the same border of the palpebra, 
near the internal membrane, or toward the 
eye, we see a row of small holes, which may 
be named foramina, or puncta ciliaria. They 
are the orifices of the same number of 
small oblong glands which lie in the sulci, 
channels, or grooves, on the inner surface 
of the tarsus. Near the great and internal 
angle of the palpebra lacrymales, and duc- 
tus, two small holes are very visible, com- 
monly named puncta lacrymalia, being the 
orifices of two small ducts called lacrymal, 
which unite beyond the angle of the eye, and 
open a little below the upper end of a par- 
ticular reservoir, termed sacculus lacrymalis. 
The caruncula lacrymalis is a small reddish, 
granulated, oblong body, situated precisely 
between the internal angle of the palpebrae 
and globe of the e\e. The fold which has 
the name membrana semilunaris, appears most 
when the eye is turned toward the nose ; it is 
shaped like a crescent, the two points of 
which answer to the puncta lacrymalia, and 
conduct the tears into the puncta. 
The vessels, nerves, and muscles of the eye, 
are each described in their place. 
Of the nose. 
The parts of which the nose is composed 
may be derived in two different ways, viz. 
from their situation, into external and internal 
parts ; and from their structure, into hard and 
soft parts. 
The external parts are from the root of 
the nose, the arch, the back or spine of the ! 
nose, the sides of the nose or of the arch, the 
tip of the nose, the ahe, the external nares, ] 
and the part under (he septum. 
The internal parts are the internal nares, 
the septum Barium, the circumvolutions, the 
choncha; superiores, -or ossa spongiosa supe- 
riora, choncha; inferiores, the posterior open- 
ings of the internal nares, the sinus frontales, 
sinus maxillares, sinus sphenoidal es, the due- ] 
tus palatini. The firm or hard parts are 
mostly bony, and the rest cartilaginous, viz. j 
the os frontis, os ethmoides, os sphenoides,] 
ossa maxillaria, ossa nasi, ossa unguis, 
ossa palati, vomer, choncha; inferiores, and 
the cartilages. To these we may add the 
periosteum and perichondrium, as parts be-] 
longing to the bones and cartilages. 
The soft parts are the integuments, mus-1 
cles, sacculus lacrymalis receiving the tears,! 
membrana pituitaria lining all the cavity of 
the nose, vessels, nerves, and hairs of the 
nares. The bony parts have been all ex-; 
plained in the description of the skeleton ; 
and therefore we need only in this place to 
set down the distribution and disposition 
thereof, for the formation of some of the 
principal parts. The septum is formed by 
the descending lamina ol the os ethmoides,] 
and by the vomer, and it is placed in the 
groove formed by the crist ce of the ossa max- 
illaria, and rising edges of the ossa palati. 
The fore part of the nose is formed by the 
ossa nasi; and the sides by the superior 
apophyses of the ossa maxillaria. 
The internal nares, or the two cavities of 
the nose, comprehend tire whole space be-! 
tween the external nares and posterior open- 
ings, immediately above the arch of the 
palate, whence these cavities reach upward- 
as far as the lamina cribrosa of the os eth- 
moides, where they communicate forward 
with the sinus frontales, and backward with 
the sinus sphenoidales. Laterally, these ca- 
vities are bounded on the inside by the sep- 
tum narium ; and on the outside, or that 
next the cheek, by the concha;, or ossa spon- 
giosa, between which they communicate with 
the sinus maxillares. 
Of the ear. 
The external ear. — Two portions are dis- 
tinguished in the external ear ; one large and 
solid, called pinna, which is the superior, 
more cartilaginous, and by much the greater 
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