AND 
AND 
A N E 
tiie stamina consist of live short filaments ; 
the anthers: oblong and covered: the pis- 
tiiium has four germina, a filiform stylus, and 
obtuse stigma : there is no pericardium, the 
calyx containing the seeds in its bosom : the 
seeds are four, oblong, gibbous, and engraven 
at the base. There are eight species, all of 
which may lie propagated by seeds. 
ANCHYLOSIS, in surgery, an immo- 
bility of the joints. This term is used when 
any joint of the body becomes, whether from 
external or internal causes, stiff and indexi- 
ble. 
ANCISTJiUM, a genus of the dianclria 
mondgi/nia class and order, and of the natural 
order ot rosacea. The essential character 
is, cal. tour-leaved; cor. none : stigma, many 
parted : drupe, dry, hispid, one-celled. 
There are three species, but scarcely de- 
serving notice. 
ANCLE. See Talus in An atomy. 
ANCON, in anatomy, the gibbous emi- 
nence, or flexure of the arm, the middle of 
the eminence on which we rest when we 
lean. See Anatomy. 
ANCONES, in architecture, the corners 
or coins ot walls, cross-beams, or rafters. 
Vitruvius calls the consoles, which are a sort 
of shouldering pieces, by the name ancones. 
AN CONY, in mineralogy, denotes a 
piece of iron fashioned into a flat bar, about 
three feet long, with a square rough knot at 
each end. , 
ANCRE'E, in heraldry, the same with 
anchored. 
ANCYLE, in antiquity, a kind of shield 
which fell, as was pretended, from heaven, 
in the reign of Nuraa Pompilius ; at which 
time, likewise, a voice was heard, declaring 
that Rome should be mistress of the world 
as long as she should preserve this holy 
buckler. 
Ancyle, in surgery, a distortion of the 
joints, caused by a settlement of the humours, 
or a distension of the nerves ; in which case 
remedies of a mollify ing and relaxing nature 
are required. 
AN C YLOGLOSSUM, a contraction of 
the ligaments of the tongue, hindering speech. 
Tdiis happens, either when the membrane 
which supports the tongue is naturally im- 
perfect, or of too hard substance, or is oc- 
casioned by a preceding ulcer, and a hard 
cicatrix left under the tongue. It is to be 
cured only by manual operation by the 
surgeon. 
ANCYLOTOMUS, a knife for loosening 
the tongue. It is applied also to all crooked 
bladed knives. 
AND A BAT /E , in antiquity, a sort of gla- 
diators, who mounted on horseback, or in 
chariots, fought hoodwinked, having a helmet 
that covered' their eyes. 
ANDAMENTO, in music, the movement 
in giving out the subject of a fugue ; a theme, 
longer, and more important than a point. 
AND ANTI, in music, signifies, especially 
in thorough basses, that the notes are to be 
played distinctly 7 . 
AND IRA, a tree in the Brazils, the wood 
of which is well adapted for building. It is 
a genus of the diadelphia decandria, class and 
order. It is scarcely known in Europe. 
ANDRACilNE, in botany, the name 
given by Linnaeus to a genus of plants, of 
the gynandria order, belonging to the mo- 
noecia class - of plants. The characters are: 
the male calyx consists of five leaves ; the 
corolla has five petals; and the stamina, 
which are also five in number, are inserted 
into the stylus : the female calyx is divided 
into five leaves ; there is no corolla ; the 
styli are three: and the capsule is trilocular, 
containing three seeds. Three species of no 
account. 
ANDREW, or Knights of St. Andrew, 
an order of knights more usually called the 
order of the thistle. 
Andrew, knights of St., is also an order 
instituted by Peter the Great of Muscovy, in 
1698 ; the badge of which is a golden medal, 
on one side whereof is represented St. An- 
drew’s cross, and on the other are these 
words : Czar Pierre monarque de loute la 
Russie. 
ANDRIA, in Grecian antiquity, public 
entertainments first instituted by Minos of 
Crete, and, after his example, appointed by 
Lycurgus at Sparta, at which a whole city, or 
a tribe, assisted. They were managed with 
the utmost frugality, and 'persons of all ages 
were admitted, the younger sort being 
obliged by the lawgiver, to repair thither as 
to schools of temperance and sobriety. 
ANDRAPODOCAPELI, were dealers in 
slaves in ancient times. At Athens, several 
places in the forum were appointed for the 
sale of slaves. Upon the first day of each 
month, the merchants brought them into the 
market, and exposed them to sale, while the 
crier, standing upon a stone erected for that 
purpose, called the people together. 
ANDROGYNA, in botany 7 , plants 
bearing male and female flowers, with sta- 
mens only 7 , and some with pistils only on the 
same root : such are the cucumber and 
melon. 
ANDROLEPSY, in Grecian antiquilv, 
an action allowed by the Athenians, against 
such as protected persons guilty of murder. 
The relations of the deceased were empow- 
ered to seize three men in the city or house, 
whither the malefactor had tied, till he were 
either surrendered, or satisfaction made some 
other way for the murder. 
ANDROMEDA, in astronomy, a small 
northern constellation, consisting of twenty 7 - 
seven stars, visible to the naked eye ; be- 
hind Pegasus, Cassiopeia, and Perseus. 
Andromeda, in botany, the marsh 
cystus : a genus of the monogynia order, 
belonging to tire decandria class of plants ; 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
eighteenth order, bicornes. The characters 
are : the calyx is a quinquepartite peri- 
anthium, small, coloured, and persistent : the 
corolla is monopetalous, campanulated, and 
quinquefid, with reflected divisions : the 
stamina consist of ten subulated filaments, 
shorter than the corolla: the anthers two- 
horned and nodding : the pistillum has a 
roundish germen, a cylindric stylus larger 
than the stamina, and persistent, and an 
obtuse stigma : the pericarpium is a roundish 
five-cornered capsule, with five cells and five 
valves ; the seeds are very 7 numerous, round- 
ish, and glossy 7 . There are twenty-five 
species chiefly American plants and hardy. 
They are planted in black earth with other 
bog plants, and are on the whole ornamental. 
ANDRONA, among the ancients, de- 
notes a street, or public place, where people 
met and conversed together. It is also used 
for that part of churches destined for the men. 
O 2 
107 
ANDROPOGON, a genus of the pnhj- 
gamia moaoecia class and order, and of the 
natural order of grasses. The essential cha- 
racter is the same in the male as in the her. 
only in the former the styles are three ; in 
the hermaph. the cal. is a glume ; one flowered 
cor. glume, awned at both ends, except the 
A. nardus, yvhicli produces three, styles 
two, seed one. 
There are thirty-five species, one deserv- 
ing notice. 
Androfogon nardus, which produces 
the Indian nard, or spikenard of the shops. 
The spikenard, as brought from the East 
Indies, is a congeries of small fibres issuing 
from one head, and matted close together, 
so as to form a bunch about the size of the 
finger, with some small strings at the opposite 
end of the head. The matted fibres (which 
are the parts chosen for medicinal purposes) 
are supposed by some to be the head or spike 
of the plant, by others the root : they seem 
rather to be the remains of the withered 
stalks, or ribs of the leaves : sometimes entire 
leaves and pieces of stalks are found among 
them : we likewise now and then meet with 
a number of these bunches issuing from one 
root. Spikenard has a warm, pungent, and 
bitterish taste ; and a strong, not very agree- 
able smell. It is stomachic and carminative ; 
and said to be alexipharmic, diuretic, and 
emmenagogue; but at present it is perhaps 
improperly very little employed, 
ANDROSACE, in botany, a genus of 
plants, the flower of which consists of one 
saucer-like petal, very wide at the mouth, 
and divided into five segments ; and its fruit 
is a globose, unilocular capsule, containing 
a number of small oval or roundish seeds, 
affixed to a placenta. This genus belongs to 
the pentandria monogynia class of Linnams, 
takes its name from the relief it was supposed 
to give mankind ; being aperitive, and good 
in the gout, dropsy 7 , and retention of urine. 
There are seven species, but now of little 
account. 
ANDRYALA, in botany, a genus of 
plants, the flower of which is monopetalous, 
and tire seed, which is single, oval, and 
crowned with down, has no other cover but 
the cup. 
It belongs to the syngencsia polrgamiu 
class of Linnaeus. Six species. 
ANEE, in commerce, a measure for 
grain, used in some provinces of France. 
At Lyons, it signifies a certain quantity of 
wine, which is the load an ass can carry at 
once. That load is fixed at eighty English 
quarts, wine measure. 
ANEMOMETER, among mechanical 
philosophers, an instrument contrived for 
measuring, tire strength of the wind. See 
Pneumatics. 
ANEMONE, wind-fi.ower : a genus 
of the polygamia order, belonging lo the 
polyandria class of plants ; and in tire natu- 
ral method ranking under the twenty-sixth 
order, Multifiliquse. Jt has its name from the 
Greek anp®*, signifying the wind; because 
the flower is supposed not to open unless the 
wind blows. The characters are : there is 
no calyx ; the corolla consists of petals of 
two or three orders three in each series, ob * 
longish : the stamina consist of numerous 
capillary filaments; the aulherie didymous 
and erect. The pistillum has numerous 
germina collected into a head ; tin* styli are 
