ARCHITECTURE. 
a caruice, where the corona is principal, the 
cyma or cavetto cover it, and the modilfions, 
denteles, ovolo, and talon, support it. 
When ornaments are employed to adorn 
the mouldings, all of them must not be carv- 
ed, that the eye may find a proper repose 
on the plain ones, or the figure of the proiile 
will be lost. T.he square members being ge- 
nerally either principal in the composition, or 
used as boundaries to other parts, should 
rarely be carved. 
When mouldings of the same size and form 
occur in one profile, they should be enriched 
with the same kind of ornament. The addi- 
tion of rusticated cinctures to columns, is an 
ungraceful modern invention ; but rustic work 
is introduced with great propriety and effect 
into gates, large entrances, grottos, baths cr 
fountains, and for low-basement stories. 
To each order belongs a particular base : 
the Tuscan has only a torus and a plinth : the 
Doric base has an astragal more than the 
Tuscan; the torus is larger, on a double 
scotia, with two astragals between them on 
the Ionic base. The Corinthian base has two 
toruses, two scotias, and two astragals ; the 
Composite base has one astragal less than the 
Corinthian. 
Columns are generally diminished one-sixth 
part of their lower diameter, which diminution 
begins at one-third part of their height, Some 
architects allow a small swell in the lower part 
of the middle division of the pillar. 
Rut in columns from fifteen to twenty feet 
high, the lower diameter being divided into 
six parts and a half, take five parts and a half 
for the diameter at the top. Columns from 
twenty to thirty feet high are diminished one- 
seventh. From thirty to forty feet, the lower 
diameter being divided into seven parts and a 
half, six and a half may be taken for the upper 
diameter : and from forty to fifty feet high, 
they may be diminished one-eighth part, and 
so on in proportion. 
Pedestals consist of three principal parts, 
the base, the dye, and the cornice, and are 
used only to elevate the columns to a neces- 
sary height. No particular proportions can 
be assigned for them ; but it is common to 
give them from one-third to one-quarter of 
the height of the column and entablature, 
which bqing divided into nine parts, two are 
for the base, one for the cornice, and six for 
the dye of the pedestal, which is of equal 
dimensions with the plinth of the column. 
The enrichments are of course regulated by 
those of the entablature of the particu- 
lar order which the pedestal may carry. 
One pedestal only is necessary for two 
columns placed together, and a continued pe- 
destal with project iorr? in the cornice, under 
each column, must be used for a colonnade or 
peristyle; but if other circumstances permit, 
columns the whole necessary height, without 
pedestals, should be used, and will always, 
have a more majestic appearance. 
Pilasters follow in their parts the orders of 
columns, and admit of a like diminution, but 
are square instead of round in their plan. 
They are however to be seen, not diminish- 
ed, in antieqt and modern works, and chiefly 
so, when they occur on outer corners. 
Pilasters are employed in internal decora- 
tions to save room, and seldom project be- 
yond the solid wall, above one quarter of 
their diameter; and sometimes they are seen 
on the external part of buildings, alone and 
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with columns. When placed behind, and 
very near columns, they need not project 
above one-eighth part of their diameter. Pil- 
asters are adoi ned like columns, and the pro- 
file of their capitals is nearly the same. 
Attics. — In Athens, where it was for many 
ages a rule to conceal the roofs of buildings, 
attics had their origin. A line of low columns 
and pedestals, or of columns and balusters, 
may be employed for this purpose. They 
should be less in height than one-third of the 
order on which they are placed, but not lower 
than one-quarter. If the attic is composed of 
a low order, the base and cornice may have 
the same mouldings as the pedestals of the 
columns, and with the dye, bear tire same 
proportion to each other; and when they 
torm pilasters over the columns of the build- 
ing, the breadth of the bases must not ex- 
ceed the upper diameter of the columns 
which they surmount. 
Caryatides. — Representations of the hu- 
man figure, the male called Persians, and the 
female Carians, or Caryatides, have been 
employed to support the entablatures of 
buildings. These were invented and used 
in memory of the captivity of the Persians 
and Cariairs by the Athenians. The Per- 
sians may be of any size, with a Doric en- 
tablature, bearing the same proportion to the 
figure as to columns of the same height; but 
the Caryatides or female figures, ought to 
have Ionic or Corinthian entablatures, and 
not to be larger than life. 
Termini, figures which owe their origin to 
the stones used by the antients to distinguish 
the limits of their* possessions, are employed 
to support the entablatures of monuments, 
chimney-pieces, and such small compositions, 
and as ornaments in gardens or fields. 
Of the temples of the antients. 
Of the many remaining sacred buildings 
of the antients, seven orders may be dis- 
tinguished. 
Antis. — The first order has anta: or pil- 
asters in front, at the corners of the walls 
which form the cell (or inclosed space within 
the walls), and between the pilasters in the 
middle, two columns which support the pe- 
diment or porch. 
The prostyle is the same as the antis, only 
columns are added opposite the pilasters of 
each corner, which support a chapiter or 
architrave, as in the antis. 
The amphiprostyle has only a postern, or 
back-front added, with columns and pedi- 
ment, like the prostyle. 
The peripteral has in the front and hinder 
porch six columns, and eleven, including the 
corner ones on each side ; and these columns 
are placed with the space of an intercolum- 
niation between them and the wall of the 
building, leaving an ambulatory round the 
cell of the edifice. 
In the pseudo- dipteral the columns are so 
placed, that in front and behind there are 
eight, and on each side fifteen with the 
corner columns; and the walls of the cell 
must correspond with the four centre columns 
before and behind, leaving the space of two 
intercolumniations, and the thickness of one 
column between the walls and the outer 
column. 
The dipteral is octostyle, or eight-columned 
before and behind, but it has a double row 
of .columns round the cell. 
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The hvpaethral is decastyle, or ten-co- 
lumned before and behind, having the other 
parts the same as the dipteral ; but it has 4 
double row of colunms within, all round, one 
above another, resembling a porch, which is 
called a peristyle: the middle has no roof, 
and it has folding-doors before and behind. 
Of round temples. — Some are monopteral, 
without cells, and built on columns; others 
are called peripteral, and have an ascent of 
two steps, on which the pedestals of the 
columns are placed. The wall of the cell is 
distant one-fifth part of the diameter of the 
temple from the pedestals of the col many, 
'fhe monopteral have a tribunal or throne, 
and are ascended by steps-; and the columns 
placed on pedestals are as high as the dia- 
meter of the temple, taken at the outside of 
the pedestals. 
On the proper disposition of columns, de- 
pend the elegance and grandeur of a build 
mg, for which Vitruvius lays down the rule* 
observed by the antients, and admitted bv 
the moderns. 
The five species of buildings, according to 
the disposition of the columns, are the py cno- 
style, thick of columns; the systyle, with 
columns wider apart; the diastyle, still wider; 
the araostyle, more distant than is proper ; 
and the eustyle, with columns at a proper 
distance. 
In the pycnostyle, the distance of the 
intercolumniation is one diameter and a half 
of the column, The systyle has two dia- 
meters. The diastyle has three diameters of 
the column for the intercolumniation, but 
the architrave, on account of the distance, is 
liable to break. In the araostyle the beams 
are made of durable timber. The eustyle is 
formed by allowing the distance of two dia- 
meters and a quarter fox the intercolumnia- 
tions, except the middle one, which must 
have three diameters. 
For the eystyle, the rule is, that the front 
of a building, if it is tetrastyle (of four 
columns), is divided into eleven parts and a 
half, without reckoning the projection of the 
base of the column. If h'exastvie (of six 
columns), into eighteen parts. If octostyle 
(of eight columns), into twenty -four parts and 
a half. Of these parts each shall be equal to 
the diameter of a column. Each inter- 
columniation must be two and a quarter of 
these parts; but three must be allowed for 
the middle one ; and for the height, eight 
diameters and a half. The columns to fhe 
araostyle should have for their thickness 
one-eighth part of their height. For the 
diastyle, the height of the column is to be 
divided into eight parts and a half, and one 
part taken for thd thickness of the column. 
For the systostyle, the height must be di- 
vided into nine parts and a half ; one part be- 
ing the thickness of the column. In the 
py cnostyle, the height shall be divided into 
ten part’s, each equal to the diameter of the 
column. The eustyle is also divided into 
eight parts and a half, like the diastyle. As 
the space between the columns increases, sp 
ought the thickness of the columns. If it is 
araostyle, and they should have only a ninth 
or tenth part for their thickness, they will 
appear tall and slender, on account of the 
breadth of the intervals. If it is pycnostvle, 
and the columns have an eighth part for tfieir 
thickness, they will, on the contrary', have a 
heavy and ungraceful appearance. The 
