133 
thickness of corner columns must be increas- 
ed one-liffieth part, tor the great surrounding 
space will diminish their eifect on the eve, 
and make them appear smaller than they 
really are. 
It must not, however, be omitted that the 
antients did not always rigidly adhere to .these 
rules of Vitruvius for the disposition of co- 
lumns, which therefore should not fetter the 
genius, nor hinder the researches, of mo- 
derns. 
Of the private buildings of the antients, 
\ itruvius says, (describing the houses of per- 
sons" of distinction), the Greeks used no 
atrium or hall, but from the gate of entrance 
made a passage of no great breadth, ©n one 
side of which was the stable, and on the other 
the porter’s rooms ; and these were terminated 
by the inner gate. Passing on, was the pe- 
ristylium, having porticos on three sides. On 
the south side were two ant a, which support 
and form a passage, within which, to the 
right and left, were die great oeci, in which 
the mistress of die family and the work-wo- 
men resided. To the right and left were 
cubiculi or chambers, of which one was called 
thalamus, the other amphithalamus ; and 
under the porticos of the peristyle, were the 
common dining-rooms, chambers, or family 
rooms. This part of the edilice w as called 
gnyieconitis. 
Through the passage, with the antx, was 
a larger house, with a more spacious peristyle, 
in which were four porticos of equal height : 
or sometimes the one which looked towards 
the south had higher columns, and this peri- 
style which had one portico higher than tiie 
rest was called Rhodian. These houses had 
elegant vestibules, magnificent gates, and the 
porticos of the peristyle were ornamented 
with stucco, plaister, and lacunariae (com- 
partments). In the portico which looks to 
the north, were the Cyzican triclinium, and 
the pinaccetheca ; to the east the libraries; to 
the west the exhedrx; and in those looking 
to the south, were the square scci for dining, 
and a spacious place for the use of the games. 
This peristylium and part of the house were 
called andronitides, because here the men 
only were invited, without being accompanied 
by the women. 
On the right and left, small houses were 
erected for the reception and entertainment 
of strangers on their arrival. 
The usual mode of distribution of the 
houses of magistrates among the Romans 
was; from the vestibulum, which we call 
portico, you entered the atrium or hall, at 
the extremity of which was the tablinum, 
or repository for books or records. From the 
sides of the atrium, you passed by ala; or 
aisles, to the cavxdium, which was an open 
court, surrounded by a portico or piazza, at 
the extremity of which was the basilica or 
place to administer justice in. The triclinia 
or dining-rooms, with their procoeton, or 
room for attendants, the cubicula or cham- 
bers, with the baths, were disposed on the 
side of the cavaedium ; also on the sides of 
the basilica were the pinacsetheca, or rooms 
for pictures and library. Passing all these 
apartments, you Entered the peristylium, 
which was as spacious as possible, surrounded 
with a portico or piazza; this was always of 
an oblong form. At the extremity of the 
erlstylium were the oeci or halls, of which 
’itruvius mentions the Corinthian, the tetra- 
ARC H ITECTUItE , 
style, the Egyptian, and the Greek or 
Cyzican, 
.The Corinthian oeci had columns placed 
either on the podium (dado) or on the tloor, 
and above have an architrave and cornice ;the 
Egyptian had the columns detached from the 
wall, in the manner of a peristyle : the space 
between the columns and the wall formed a 
walk round. This range of columns supported 
an entablature, on which was placed another 
range of columns, one-fourth part smaller 
than the former, between which were the 
windows. 
The Greek or Cyzican oeci were situated 
towards the north, and generally had a view 
of the garden, with folding doors to the mid- 
dle, and to the right and left. The tfctrastyle 
oeci, from the name, appear to have had only 
four columns, and were consequently of a less- 
enriched form . 
Roman villas consisted of three parts : ur- 
bana, where the master and his family dwelt ; 
rustica, for the uses of husbandry ; and fruc- 
tuaria, or receptacle for the fruits of the 
earth. Having only the lapis specularis, a 
species of talc, and” an expensive substitute 
for glass, the Romans were obliged to be very- 
particular in the choice of situation and aspect 
for their buildings, that rooms unfurnished 
with this kind of expensive windows might 
be inhabitable hi bad weather. 
Vitruvius says the winter dining-room and 
bath should face the winter’s declining sun, 
that they may have the benefit of his rays in 
the evening ; but the bed-chambers and 
libraries should look to the east, for there the 
morning light is required, and south and west 
rooms are more exposed to damps and worms, 
which humid winds generate and nourish. 
The spring and autumn dining-room should 
look to the east, for the windows ! icing turned 
from the sun, these places will be temperate 
at the time they are used. The summer 
dining-room should look to the north, that it 
may remain cool and temperate for use. To 
the same aspect, the pinacotheea (picture 
rooms) should be disposed, to preserve the 
colours from the too strong eifect of the sun’s 
light. 
Some adequate idea of the extent, grandeur, 
and accommodation, of the villas of the Ro- 
mans, may be formed from Pliny’s description 
of his at Laurentinum, which was considered 
as on a small scale, but would be called a 
mansion in modern language. Pie says “The 
part which first presents itself is the atrium, 
(court-yard) plain but not mean; then the 
portico, in form of the letter O, which sur- 
rounds a small but pleasant area; this is an 
excellent retreat in bad weather, being shel- 
tered by glazed windows, but more by the 
projection of the roof. Beyond the portico 
is a pleasant cavaedium (open court), passing 
which is a handsome triclinium, which ad- 
vances upon the shore, so that it is gently 
washed by the waves when the south-west 
wind blows. On every side there are folding 
doors, or windows as large, so that from the 
sides and front you enjoy a prospect as it were 
of three seas, and backwards are seen the 
cavaedium, the portico, and the area ; again 
the portico and atrium, terminated by woods 
and distant mountains. On the left of tire 
triclinium, but not so forward, is a large 
cubiculum (or chamber), and then a smaller 
one, where one window admits the rising, 
and another the setting sun. From here 
you view the sea, more distant, but more 
securely. This cubiculum and triclinium, by 
their projecture, form an angle, wh.ch not 
only retains, but augments, the heat of the 
sun’s rays. 
“ Here is my hybernaculum (winter apart- 
ment) and the gymnasium (place tor exer- 
cise) for my family, which is never incom- 
moded by any winds but such as bring cloudy 
weather, and destroy the otherwise serene 
situation of the place. Adjoining to this 
angle is a cubiculum, of a curved or round 
form, the windows of which admit the sun, in 
consequence, during its whole course. In the j 
nails are inserted library-presses, furnished 
with books, more for amusement than study ; 
close to tins is the dormitorium (sleeping- 
room), separated by a space having a cover- 
ing of wood work, which collects and dis- ; 
tributes the vapours to the room in salubrious ] 
temperament. The remainder of this wing j 
is allotted to servants and slaves. 
“ On the right side of the triclinium is a 
most elegant cubiculum, with another large | 
cubiculum, or moderate carnation (common : 
eating or supper room), which receives tight ' 
both from the sun and the sea; after this is a t 
cubiculum, with a procaeton (servants’ room), 1 
for height a summer, but for shelter, a winter 
apartment, being screened from all winds: j 
a wall only separates another cubiculum, 
with a procoeton; there you enter the spa- : 
cious and extensive ceila frigidaria of the. ! 
bath, against the walls of which are two pro- 
jecting baptisteria, sufficiently large to swim 
in; joining this is the unctuarium, the hypo- i 
eaustum, and propiiigeon of the baths, and 
two other cells more elegant than sumptuous. 1 
Skilfully contrived adjoins the callida piscina : 
(warm bath), where those who swim enjoy 'a ; 
view of the sea ; not far distant is the sphraei- ; 
sterium (tennis-court, of a circular form), j 
which enjoys the warmest rays of the declin- 
ing sun. 
“ Flere rises a turris (pavilion or summer- 
house), under which are two diaffie (suite or 
set of apartments), and also two above, be- j 
sides a coe.natio, frera which is a beautiful 
prospect of the sea ; there is also another < 
turris, containing a cubiculum, exposed to 
the rising and setting sun; behind this is an 
apotheca, and horreum (cabinets or store- ] 
rooms), and under, a triclinium, where the 
noise of the sea is only faintly heard in 
storms. • This looks on the gestatio (or place . 
of exercise on horseback or in a carriage), 
and the surrounding garden. The prospect 
here, not less pleasant than that of the sea, is 
enjoyed from a coenatio, rather distant from 
the sea ; on the back it is encompassed with 
two diaetac, whose windows look to the ves- 
tibule of the villa, and to a kitchen-garden. 
“ Hence a crypto-porticus (a long inclosed 
room or portico) extends, for size comparable 
to a public building, with windows on both 
sides, those next the sea the most numerous; 
on the garden side they are single, with fewer 
in the upper row. Before the crypto-porticus , 
is a xystus (a spacious place for exercise), or 
a terrace. 
“At the top of the xystus, projecting from 
the crypto-porticus, is the diaeta of the gar- 
den. In this is an heliocaminus (an apart- 
ment made warm by the sun) ; from the fold- 
ing doors is seen the cubiculum, from the 
windows the crypto-porticus ; on the side 
next the sea, and opposite the wall, a very 
