A R M 
A R O 
A R II 
1.53 
turn in Jesus Christ. As to the cueharist, 
they, for the most part, agree with the Greeks ; 
they abstain rigorously from eating of blood, 
and meats strangled, and are much addicted 
to fasting. 
ARMENTA. See Bos. 
AH MIG EH, an esquire, or armour-bearer. 
A RMILI ,A?nembmnosu, in anatomy, is that 
circular ligament which comprehends all the 
tendons belonging to the whole hand within 
a circle, in the region of the* carpus. 
ARMILLARY, Armillaris, in a gene- 
ral sense, something consisting of rings, or 
I circles, from armilla, a bracelet. 
Ab.mii.lary sphere, an artificial sphere, 
composed of a number of circles, represent- 
; ing the several circles of the mundane sphere, 
put together in their natural order, to ease 
and assist the imagination in conceiving the 
i constitution of the heavens, and the motions 
of the celestial bodies. 
The armillary sphere turns upon its axis 
P p, Plate IX. Miscel. fig. 4. within a silvered 
horizon II O, which is divided into degrees, 
and moveable every way, upon a brass sup- 
porter. E Q represents the equinoctial, and 
A B flue zodiac, which is a broad circle di- 
vided into degrees, and into twelve equal 
parts, marked writh the twelve signs B , n, 
&c. P Q p E, is the meridian, likewise di- 
i vided into degrees. 
The other parts are the' two tropics, and 
two polar circles, both delineated in the 
figure. 
ARMINIANS, in church history, a sect 
of Christians, which arose in Holland, by a 
separation from the Calvinists. They are 
great asserters of free-will. They speak very 
ambiguously of the prescience of God. They 
look on the doctrine of the Trinity as a point 
not necessary to salvation ; and many of them 
hold there is no precept in scripture by which 
we are enjoined to adore the Holy Ghost ; 
and that Jesus is not equal to God the Fa- 
; ther. 
ARM0ISIN, a silk stuff, or kind of taff'e- 
ty, manufactured in the East Indies, at Ly- 
ons in France, and Lucca in Italy. That of 
the Indies is slighter than those made in Eu- 
r ope. * 
ARMONTAC. See Ammonia. 
AH MONICA. See Harmonica. 
ARMORIAL. See Heraldry. 
ARMOU R denotes all such habiliments as 
serve to defend the body from wounds, espe- 
i daily of darts, a sword, a lance, &c. A com- 
plete suit of armour formerly consisted of a 
helmet, a shield, a cuirasse, a coat of mail, 
a gauntlet, & c. all now laid aside. 
ARMS, charged, in heraldry, are such as 
retain their ancient integrity, with the addi- 
tion of son>e new honourable bearing. 
Arms, canting or vocal, those in which 
there are some figures A alluding to the name 
of the family. 
Arms, full or entire, such as retain their 
primitive purity, without any alterations or 
abatements. 
Arms, false, such as are not conformable 
to the rules of heraldry. 
Arms, in falconry, the legs of a hawk from 
the thigh to the foot. x 
terns, king at, > seeHEHAtD . 
Arms, herald at, $ 
Arms, poursuivunt at, see Poursuivant. 
Arms, college of, see College of arms. 
ARMY. Aa army is composed of squa- 
X-OL, I. 
(Irons and battalions, and is usually divided 
into three corps, and formed into three lines; 
the first line is called the van-guard, the se- 
cond the centre or main body, and the third 
the rear-guard, or body of reserve. The 
middle of each line is possessed by the foot ; 
the cavalry forms the right and left wing of 
each line ; and sometimes they place squa- 
drons of horse in the intervals between the 
battalions. When the army is drawn up in 
order of battle, the horse are placed at five 
feet distance from each other, and the foot 
at three. In each line the battalions are dis- 
tant from each other 180 feet, which is near- 
ly equal to the extent of their front ; and the 
same holds of the squadrons, which are about 
300 feet distant, the extent of their own front. 
1 hese intervals are left for the squadrons and 
battalions of the second line to range them- 
selves against the intervals of the first, that 
both may more readily march through those 
spaces to the enemy : the lirst line is usually 
300 feet distant from the second, and the se- 
cond from the third, that there may be suf- 
ficient room to rally, when the squadrons 
and battalions are broken. 
An army sometimes acquires different ap- 
pellations from the particular services m 
which it is employed. A covering army is 
that which covers a place, by lying encamp- 
ed for the protection of the different passes 
which lead to the principal object of defence. 
An army is said to blockade a place when, 
being well provided with heavy artillery, &c. j 
it is employed to invest a town for the pur- 1 
pose ot reducing it by assault or famine. An 
army of observation is so called because, by 
its advanced positions and desultory move- 
ments, it is constantly employed in watching 
the enemy. Such is a body of troops en- 
gaged bv besiegers to prevent relief being 
brought into a place, or the siege being raised 
lay the enemy. An army of reserve is a sort 
ot general depot for effective service. In 
cases ot emergency, the whole, or part of an j 
army of reserve, is employed, to recover a lost j 
day, or to secure a victory. A flying annv j 
is a strong body of horse and foot, usually ; 
commanded by a lieutenant-general, which is ■ 
always in motion, to cover its own garrisons, ; 
or to keep the enemy in perpetual alarm. | 
ARNICA, leopard’s banc, in botany, a ge- t 
nus of the polygamia superllua order, belong- j 
ing to the syngenesia class of plants ; and in i 
the natural method ranking under the forty - j 
ninth order, compositae-discoides'. The re- ; 
ceptacle is naked; the pappus is simple; and ; 
the iilaments are five, without anlhenr. ! 
There are twelve species, live of which are 
European, and have been used in medicine 
as discutients in chronic rheumatism, lum- 
bago, Ac. ; also internally in intermit tents. 
ARNOLDISTS, in church history, sect- 
aries so called from their leader Arnold of 
Bresia, who was a great declaimer against 
the wealth and vices of the clergy ; unci’ who 
is also charged with preaching against bap- 
tism and the eucharist. 
AROLEC, an American weight, equal to 
twenty-five of our pounds. 
AROMA, or the odorant principle of 
plants, is distinctly characteristic in each in- 
dividual. Water impregnated with this prin- 
ciple, is termed the distilled water ot the 
plant ; of these a great variety is used in 
pharmacy. 
AROMATICS, in pharmacy, substances 
that possess a fragrant penetrating smell, a 
strong pungent taste, and a considerable sti- 
mulating power on the system in general. 
Sec Materia Medtca. 
AROU R A, a Grecian measure of fifty feet. 
It was more frequently used for a square mea- 
I sure of half the plethrou. The Egyptian 
aroura was the square of one hundred cubits. 
ARPENT, a term sometimes used to de- 
note an acre. 
ARRACHE'E, in heraldry, a term applied 
; to the representations of plants tom up by the 
1 roots. 
ARRACK, or Rack, a spirituous liquor 
imported from the East Indies, used by way 
of dram and in punch. The word arrack, 
according to Mr. Lockyer, is an Indian name 
dor strong waters of all kinds ; for they call 
our spirits and brandy English arrack. But 
what we understand by the name arrack, he 
affirms is properly no other than a spirit pro- 
cured by distillation from a vegetable juice 
called toddy, which fiows by incisions out of 
the cocoa-nut tree, like the birch juice pro- 
cured among us. The toddy is a pleasant 
drink by itself, when new, but purges those 
who are not used to it ; when stale, it is 
heady, and makes good vinegar. The Eng- 
lish at Madras use it as leaven to raise their 
bread with. 
There are, however, several kinds of ar- 
rack, distinguished by different names ; such 
as Batavia arrack, a vinous spirit obtained 
by distillation from rice and sugar fermented 
with the juice of cocoa-nuts-, it is a strong 
spirit; but being made in copper stills, is not 
so agreeable as Goa arrack. Bitter, black, 
and Colombo arrack, are hot spirits little 
valued, and seldom imported by Europeans, 
The manner ot making the Goa arrack is 
this: Ihe juice of the trees is not procured 
in the way of tapping, as we do; but the ope- 
rator provides himself with a pared of earth- 
vn pots, with bellies and necks like our bird- 
bottles; he makes fast a number of these to 
his girdle, and any way else that he com* 
modiouslv can about him. Thus equip- 
ped, he climbs up the trunk of a cocoa-tree j 
and when he comes to the boughs, he takes 
out liis knife, and cutting off one" of the small 
knots or buttons, he applies the mouth of the- 
bottle to the wound, fastening it to the bough 
wiih a bandage ; in the same manner he cuUi 
olf other buttons, and fastens on his pots, till 
the whole number is employed: this done in 
the evening, descending fromj the tree, he 
leaves them till the next morning; when he 
takes off the bottles, which are mostly filled, 
and empties the juice into the proper recep- 
tacle^ This is repeated every night, till a 
sufficient quantity is produced ; " and the 
whole being then put together, is left to fer- 
ment, which it soon does. V, hen the fermen- 
tation is over, and the liquor or wash is be- 
come a little tart, it is put into the still, and 
a tire being made, the still is suffered to work 
as long as that which comes over has any con- 
siderable taste of spirit. The. liquor thus pro- 
cured is the low w ine of arrack ; and this is 
so poor a liquor, that it will soon corrupt and 
spoil, it not distilled again, to separate some of 
its watery parts; they therefore immediately 
after pour back this low wine into the still, 
and rectify it to that very weak kind of proof- 
spirit, in which state we find it. The arrack 
we meet with, notwithstanding its being a 
proof test, according to the way ol judging 
