A R S 
A It T 
155 
a moderate fire. It is black and brilliant, 
and ought to be preserved in water. It may 
be formed likewise by putting equal parts of 
phosphorus and arsenic into a sufficient quan- 
tity of water, and keeping the mixture mode- 
rately hot for some time. 
Arsenic does not combine with azotic gas 
nor muriatic acid ; neither is it readily oxid- 
ized by the action of that acid ; but it unites 
with most metals, and in general renders them 
more'brittle and fusible. Melted gold takes 
up l-60th of arsenic. The alloy is brittle and 
pale, and much harder than gold. The alloy 
of platina and arsenic is brittle and very 
fusible. The arsenic may be separated by 
heat. It is by fusing platina and the white 
oxide of arsenic together that this untractable 
metal is formed into the utensils required. 
The mixture, after fusing, is hammered at a 
red heat into bars. The arsenic is gradually 
driven off, and carries along with it most of 
the baser metals which happen to be pre- 
sent. The platina is then sufficiently ductile 
to be wrought. Melted silver takes up 1-1 4th 
of arsenic. The alloy is brittle, yellow- 
coloured, and useless. Mercury may be 
amalgamated with arsenic by keeping them 
for some hours over the fire, constantly agi- 
tating the mixture. The amalgam is grey- 
coloured, and composed of five parts of mer- 
cury and one of arsenic. Copper may be 
combined with arsenic by fusing them toge- 
ther in a close crucible; while their surface 
is covered with common salt to prevent the 
action of the air, which would oxidize the 
arsenic. This alloy is white and brittle, and 
is used for a variety of purposes ; but it is 
usual to add to it a little tin cr bismuth. It 
is known by the nafties of white copper and 
white tombac. When the quantity of arsenic 
is small, the alloy is both ductile and malle- 
able. Iron and arsenic may be alloyed by 
fusion. The alloy is white and brittle, and 
may be crystallized. It is found native; and 
is known among mineralogists by the name 
of mispickel. Iron is capable of combining 
with more than its own weight of arsenic. Tin 
and arsenic may be alloyed by fusion. 1 he 
alloy is white, harder, and more sonorous 
than tin; and brittle, unless the proportion of 
arsenic is very small. An alloy, composed 
of 1 5 parts of tin, and one of arsenic, crystal- 
lizes in large plates like bismuth : it is more 
brittle than zinc, and more infusible than tin. 
The arsenic may be separated by long ex- 
posure of the alloy to heat in the open air. 
Lead and arsenic may be combined by fu- 
sion. The alloy is brittle, dark-coloured, and 
composed of plates. Lead takes up l-6th of 
its weight of arsenic. Nickel combines readily 
with arsenic, and indeed js seldom found with- 
out being more or less contaminated by that 
metal. The compound has a shade of red, 
considerable hardness, and a specific gravity 
considerably under the mean. It is not mag- 
netic. Arsenic possesses the curious pro- 
perty of destroying the magnetic virtue of 
iron, and all other metajs susceptible of that 
virtue. Zinc may be combined with arsenic 
by distilling a mixture of it and of white oxide 
of arsenic. This alloy, according to Berg- 
man, is composed of four parts of zinc and 
one of arsenic. Antimony forms with arsenic 
an alloy which is very brittle, very hard, and 
very fusible ; and composed, according to 
Bergman, of seven parts of antimony and one 
part of arsenic. Bismuth may be combined 
with about 1-1, 5th of its weight of arsenic ; but 
the properties of this alloy have not been 
examined. 
The affinities of arsenic, and of its oxides, 
are placed by Bergman in the following order : 
Arsenic. Oxide of arsenic. 
Nickel, 
Muriatic acid, 
Cobalt, 
Oxalic, 
Copper, 
Sulphuric, 
Iron, 
Nitric, 
Silver, 
Tartaric, 
Tin, 
G old. 
Phosphoric, 
Fluoric, 
Platina, 
Saclactic, 
Zinc, 
Succinic, 
Antimony, 
Citric, 
Sulphur, 
Lactic, 
Phosphorus. 
Arsenic, 
Acetic, 
Prussic. 
ARSIS and Thesis, in music. A point is 
said to move per arsin et thesin, which 
rises in one part and falls in another, and vice 
versa. 
ARSON, in law, the same with house- 
burning, which is felony at common law and 
likewise by statute. 
ART and Part, in the law of Scotland, is 
applied to an accomplice. 
ARTEDIA, a genus of the digynia order, 
belonging to the pentandria class of plants, 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
45th order, umbellate. The involucra are 
pinnatifid ; the fioscuies of the disc are mas- 
culine; and the fruit is hispid with scales. 
There is but one species. 
ARTEL, a name given to a commercial 
association, consisting of a certain number of 
labourers, who voluntarily become respon- 
sible as a body for the honesty of each indi- 
vidual. The separate earnings of each man 
are put into a common stock ; a monthly al- 
lowance is made for his support; and at the 
end of the year the surplus is equally divided. 
Hence arises the denomination of artelschisks, 
persons employed by the Russian merchants 
of St. Petersburgh to collect debts, &c. 
These are mostly natives of Archangel of 
the lowest class, yet their fidelity is rarely to 
be complained of. 
ARTEMISIA, mugwort, southernwood, 
and wormwood, a genus of the polygam ia 
superflua order, belonging to the syngenesia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 49th order, composite nu- 
camentacecc. The receptacle is either naked 
or a little downy ; it has no pappus; the ca- 
lyx is imbricated with roundish scales ; and the 
corolla has no radii. There are 44 species, 
of which the following are the most remark- 
able, viz. 
1 . Artemisia abrotanum, or southernwood, 
which is kept in gardens for the sake of its 
agreeable scent, is a low shrub, seldom rising 
more than three or four feet high, sending out 
lateral shrubby branches, growing erect, gar- 
nished with five bristly leaves, having a stiong 
scent when bruised. 
2. Artemisia absinthium, or common worm- 
wood, grows naturally in lanes and unculti- 
vated places, and is too well known to re- 
quire any particular description. 
3. Artemisia arborescens, or tree-worm- 
wood, grows naturally in Italy and the Le- 
vant, near the sea. It rises, with a woody 
stalk, six or seven feet high, sending out many 
\i " V 
ART 
ligneous branches, with leaves somewhat like 
those of the common wormwood, but more 
finely divided, and much whiter. 
4. Artemisia dracunculus, or tarragon, is 
frequently used in sallads, especially by the 
French, and is a very hardy plant, spreading 
greatly by its creeping roots. 
5. Artemisia maritima, or sea wormwood, 
grows naturally on the sea-coasts in most 
parts of Britain, where there are several va- 
rieties, if not distinct species, to be found. 
6. Artemisia Pontica, or Pontic worm- 
wood, commonly called Roman wormwood, 
is a low herbaceous plant, whose stalks die in 
autumn, and new ones appear in the spring. 
They are garnished with finely-divided leaves, 
whose under sides are woolly ; and the upper 
part of the stalks are furnished with globular 
flowers which nod on one side, having naked 
receptacles. 
7. Artemisia santonicum produces the se- 
men santonicum, which is much used for 
worms in children. It grows naturally in 
Persia, whence the seeds are brought to Eu- 
rope. It has the appearance ot our wild 
mugwort. 
8. Artemisia vulgaris, or common mug- 
wort, grows naturally on banks and by the 
sides of foot-paths in many parts of Britain. 
Most of these are easily propagated by slips 
or cuttings. 
ARTERIOSE canal, a tube in the heart of 
a foetus, that, with the foramen ovale, is of use 
to preserve the circulation of the blood, &c. 
ART E III OTO MY, the opening an ar- 
tepy with design to procure an evacuation of 
blood. 
This operation is used only in extraordinary- 
cases, as it is very dangerous ; and must be 
practised in the temples, the forehead, or 
behind the ears, where the arteries are easily- 
closed again. 
ARTERY, in anatomy, a conical tube or 
canal which conveys the blood from the heart 
to all parts of the body. See Anatomy. 
ARTHRITIS, gout. See Medicine. 
ARTHRODIA, in natural history, a genus 
of imperfect crystals, found always in com- 
plex masses ; and forming long single pyra- 
mids, with very short and slender columns. 
Arthrodia, a species of articulation, 
wherein a flat head of one bone is received 
into a shallow socket of another. 
ARTICPIOAK. SeeCiNARA. 
Artichoak, Jerusalem, a species of sun- 
flower. See Heeeanthus. 
ARTICLE, in grammar, a particle in most 
languages that serves to express the several 
cases and genders of nouns, when the lan- 
guages have not different terminations to de- 
note the different states and circumstances of 
nouns. 
The Latin has no article; but the Greeks 
have their a : the eastern languages have their 
he ernphaticmn; and most of the modern lan- 
guages have had recourse to articles. r i he 
only articles made use of in the English 
tongue, are a and the ; which, prefixed to 
substantives, determine their general signifi- 
cation to some particular thing. The use of 
a is in a general sense, and may be applied 
to any particular person or thing, and upon 
that account is called an indefinite article; 
but the, being- a determinate article, is called 
definite or demonstrative, as applying the. 
word to one individual. The French have 
tlixee articles, le, la, and les the Italians 
