156 
A it t 
ART 
A II T 
have their il, lo, and la; and the Germans 
their tier, das, and dat. 
Artici.es of tour, are known regulations 
for the government of the army in the United 
kingdom, dominions beyond the seas, and 
foreign parts dependant upon this country. 
They may be altered at the pleasure of the 
sovereign ; and in certain cases they extend 
to civilians: as when by proclamation any 
place shall be put under martial law, or when 
the people follow a camp or army for the 
sale of merchandize, or serve in any menial 
capacity. It is ordained that the articles of 
war shall be read in the circle of each regi- 
ment belonging to the British army every 
month, or oftener if thought proper. A sol- 
dier is not liable to be tried by a military tri- 
bunal unless the articles of war have 'been 
read to him. 
ARTICULATE sounds are such sounds 
as express the letters, syllables, or words, of 
any alphabet or language : such are formed 
by the- human voice, and by some few birds, 
as parrots, &c. Other brutes cannot articu- 
late the sounds of their voice. 
ARTICULATION, in anatomy, denotes 
the juncture of two bones intended for mo- 
tion. 
Articulation is of two kinds: the first is 
called diarthrosis, being that which has a ma- 
nifest motion: that which only admits of an 
obscure motion is called synarthrosis. '1'he 
former is subdivided into enarthrosis, arthro- 
dia, and giiigtymus. The latter is subdivided 
into symphysis, syntenosis, sutura, harmonia, 
syssarcosis, * synchondrosia, and synneurosis. 
See Anatomy. 
Articulation, in botany, jointed as the 
culm or stalk of reeds, corn, &c. It is also 
said of pods, like those- of the hedyrarum or 
Trench honeysuckle, which when ripe divide 
into so many parts or joints. 
ARTIFICER, a person whose employment 
it is to manufacture any kind of commodity, 
as in iron, brass, wool, See. ; such are smiths, 
weavers, carpenters, &c. If any such con- 
spire not to work under certain prices, they 
are liable to divers penalties. Persons that 
contract with artificers in wool or metals to 
go out of the kingdom, shall be fined in any 
sum not exceeding 100/. and imprisoned for 
three months. If artificers that are abroad do 
not return in six months after warning, they 
shall be deemed aliens, and be incapable of 
inheriting lands by descent. 
By several acts passed during the present 
reign, iieavv penalties are inflicted on masters 
of ships assisting to seduce artificers to leave 
these realms. 
Artificer, in a military sense, he who 
prepares bombs, grenades, &c. 
A RTI FIC I A J . lines, on a sector or other 
scale, are certain lines, contrived to repre- 
sent the logarithmic sines and tangents; 
which, by the help of a line of numbers, 
will solve questions in trigonometry, naviga- 
tion, &c. 
ARTILLERY signifies all sorts of great 
guns or cannon, mortars, howitzers, petards, 
Mid the like; together with all the apparatus 
and stores thereto belonging, which are not 
only taken into the field, but likewise to sieges, 
and made use of both to attack and defend 
fortified places. It signifies also the science 
artillery or gunnery. 
Artillery, train of, consists in an unli- 
mited number of pieces of ordnance ; such as 
24 pounders, 18 pounders, 12, 9, G, and 3 
pounders; mortars from 13 to 8 inches dia- 
meter ; besides rovals and cohorns ; howitzers 
of every denomination, mounted on their pro- 
per carriages and beds, &c. There is more- 
over attached to the train a sufficient quan- 
tity of horses, spare carriages, spare mortar- 
beds, &c. 
The train of artillery is, or should be, di- 
vided into brigades, to which belong not only 
the officers of the regiments of artillery, but 
even the civil-list, such as comptrollers, com- 
missaries of stores, clerks ot stores, See. '1 he 
increase of artillery clearly demonstrates its 
great utility ; for in the year 1500, an army 
of 50,000 men had only *40 pieces of cannon 
in the field ; and in the year 1757, the same 
number of troops brought 200 pieces into the 
field, including mortars and howitzers. 
At the battle of Jemappe, which was fought 
between the French and Austrians on the Gth 
of November 1792, the latter had 120 pieces 
of cannon disposed along the heights of Fra- 
me ry, whilst their effective force in men did 
not exceed 17,000. The French on this oc- 
casion brought nearly the same quantity of 
ordnance, some indeed of extraordinary ca- 
libre, but their strength in men was consider- 
ably more formidable. 
Artillery, brigade of, generally consists 
of 8 or 10 pieces of cannon, with all the ma- 
chinery and officers to conduct them, and all 
the necessary apparatus thereto belonging. 
Artillery, park of, is that place ap- 
pointed by the general of an army to encamp 
the train of artillery,' apparatus, ammunition, 
as well as the battalions of the artillery,, ap- 
pointed for its service and defence. The 
figure of the park ofiartillery is that of a pa- 
rallelogram, unless the situation of the ground 
renders another necessary. 
The park of artillery is generally placed in 
the centre of the second line of encampment, 
and sometimes in the rear line, or corps of re- 
serve. In both places the muzzles of the 
guns are in a line with the fronts of the Ser- 
jeants’ tents of the regiments of artillery and 
infantry. Some generals choose to place the 
park about 300 paces before the centre of the 
front line of the army. But let the situation 
be where it will, the manner of forming the 
park is almost every where the same. The 
most approved method is to divide the whole 
into brigades, placing the guns of the first to 
the right of the front line, and their ammuni- 
tion behind them, in one or more lines. The 
different brigades should be all numbered, as 
well as every waggon belonging to them. 
This method will prevent contusion in the 
forming and breaking up of the park, as also 
on a march: besides, according to the 
numbers, the stores therein contained are 
known. 
Artillery, field, includes every requisite 
to forward the operations of an army, or of 
any part of an army acting offensively or de- 
fensively in the field. Field artillery may be 
divided into two distinct classes: field artil- 
lery properly so called, and horse artillery. 
Regiments of artillery are always encamped 
half on the right and half on the left ot the 
park. The company of bombardiers (when 
they are formed into companies) always takes 
the right of the whole, and the lieutenant-co- 
lonel’s company the left ; next to the bom- 
bardiers, the colonels, the majors, See. so 
that the two youngest are next but one to 
the centre or park: the two companies next 
to the park are the miners on the right, and 
the artificers on the left. 
The colours are placed in the centre of the 
front line of guns, in the interval of the two 
alarm-guns, in a line with the bells of arms of 
the companies. 
The lieutenant-colonel’s and major’s tents 
front the centres of the second streets from 
the right and left of the regiment. 
Artillery, march of 'The marches 
of tire artillery are, of all the operations of 
war, the most delicate, because they must ; 
not only be directed on the object in view, : 
but according to the movements the enemy ; 
make. Annies generally march in three co- 
lumns, the centre column of which is the ar- ] 
lillery : should the army march in more co- 
lumns, the artillery and heavy baggage march j 
nevertheless in one or more of the centre oo- j 
lumns: the situation of the enemy determines 
this. If they are far from the enemy, the 
baggage and ammunition go before or behind, • 
or are sent by a particular road; an army iu ? 
such a case cannot march in too many co- 1 
lumns. But should the march be towards-] 
the enemy, the baggage must be all in -the] 
rear, and the whole artillery form the centre 
column, except some brigades, one of which] 
marches at the head of each column, with 
guns loaded, and burning matches, preceded 
by a detachment for their safety. 'The French 
almost invariably place their baggage in the 
centre. 
A detachment of pioneers, with tools, must 
always march at the head of the artillery, and 
ot each column of equipage or baggage. 
If the enemy is encamped on the right 
flanks of the march, the artillery, &c. should 
march to the left of the troops, and vice versa. 
Should the enemy appear in motion, the 
troops front that way, by wheeling to the 
right or left by divisions ; and the artillery, 
which marches in a line with the columns, 
passes through their intervals, and forms at 
the head of the front line, which is formed of 
the column that flanked nearest the dnemy, 
taking care at the same time that the baggage, 
be well covered during the action. 
Artillery company, a regular battalion 
of inlantry under the command of officers who 
jire annually elected. It consists of gentle- 
men of character and property, bound by 
solemn declaration and obligation of attach- 
ment and fidelity to the king and constitution, 
and of readiness to join in supporting the- 
civil authority, and of defending the metro-] 
polis. See the History of this Company, by! 
A. Highmore, Esq. 
ARM OC Alt PUS, (from af-ror, bread, and 
xafree, fruit,) the Bread-fruit Tree, a ge- 
nus of the monandria order, belonging to the- 
moncecia class of plants. It has a cylindnc 
amentum or catkin, which thickens gradually, 
and is covered with flowers : the male and 
female in a different amentum. In the male) 
the calyx is two-valved, and the corolla is 
wanting. In the female, there is no calyx 
or corolla : the stylus is one, and the drupat 
is many-celled. There are two species, viz. 
1 . Artocarpus incisa. Though this tree has 
been mentioned by many voyagers, particu- 
larly by Dumpier, by Rumphius, and by 
lord Anson, yet very little notice seems to 
have been taken of it, till the return of cap- 
tain W allis from the South Seas. 
Captain Cook, in his Voyage, observes. 
