A R T 
A P U 
A R U 
that tills fruit not only serves as a substitute 
for bread among the inhabitants of Otaheite, 
and the neighbouring islands, but also, va- 
riously dressed, composes the principal part 
of their food. It grows on a tree that is 
about the size of a middling oak; its leaves 
are frequently a foot and a half long, of an 
oblong shape, deeply sinuated like those of 
the fig-tree, which they resemble in colour and 
consistence, and in the exsuding of a milky 
juice upon being broken. The fruit is about the 
size and shape of a new-born child’s head, and 
the surface is reticulated, not much unlike a 
truffle ; it is covered with a thin skin, and has 
a core about it as big as the handle of a small 
knife. The eatable part lies between the skin 
and the core ; it is as white as snow, and some- 
what of the consistence of new bread: it 
must be roasted before it is eaten, being lirst 
divided into three or four parts ; its taste is 
insipid, with a slight sweetness, somewhat re- 
sembling that of the crumb of wheaten bread 
mixed with a Jerusalem artichoke. This 
fruit is also cooked in a kind of oven, which 
renders it soft, and something like a boiled 
potatoe; not quite so farinaceous as a good 
one, but more so than those of the middling 
sort. Of the bread-fruit they also make three 
dishes, by putting either water or the milk of 
the cocoa-nut to it, then beating it to a paste 
with a stone pestle, and afterwards mixing it 
with ripe plantains, bananas, or the sour paste 
which they call mahie. 
The unripe artocarpus mahie, is likewise 
made to serve as a succedaneum for ripe 
bread-fruit before' the season is'come on. 'Hie 
fruit of the bread-tree is gathered just before 
it is perfectly ripe; and being laid in heaps, 
is closely covered with leaves: in this state it 
undergoes a fermentation, and becomes dis- 
. agreeably sweet ; the core is then taken out 
entire, which is done by gently pulling out 
the stalk, and the rest of the fruit is thrown 
into a hole which is dug for that purpose ge- 
nerally in the houses, and neatly lined on the 
bottom and sides with grass: the whole is 
then covered with leaves, and heavy stones 
laid upon them; in this state it undergoes a 
second fermentation, and becomes sour, after 
which it will suffer no change for many 
months. It is taken out of the hole as it. is 
wanted for use; and being made into balls, 
it is wrapped up in leaves and baked: after 
it is dressed, it will keep for five or six weeks. 
It is eaten both cold and hot ; and the na- 
tives seldom make a meal without it, though 
to Europeans the taste is as disagreeable as 
that of a pickled olive generally is the first 
time it is eaten. 
To procure this principal, article of their 
food, costs these happy people no trouble or 
labour, except climbing up a tree: the tree 
which produces it does not indeed grow 
Spontaneously; but if a man plants ten of 
them in his life-time, which he may do in an 
hour, he will as completely fulfil his duty to 
his own and future generations, as the native 
of our less temperate climate can do, by 
ploughing in the cold of winter, and reaping 
in the summer’s heat, as often as these sea- 
sons return: even if. after he has - procured 
bread for his present household, he should 
convert a surplus into money, and lay it up 
for his children. 
2. Artocarpus integrifolia, with entire 
leaves. This is called m the East Indies the 
joccahee. It bears fruit like the other, but 
it seems to he of an inferior kind. It is said 
there are above 30 varieties of this tree. 
ARTOTY RITES, in church history, a 
sect of Christians who used bread and cheese 
in the eucharist, or bread, perhaps, baked 
with cheese; urging, in defence of this prac- 
tice, that in the first ages of the world, men 
offered to God the fruits of their llocks, as 
well as those of the earth. 
ARTS are commonly divided into liberal 
and mechanical: the former comprehending 
poetry, painting, sculpture, architecture, &c. 
and the latter, the whole body of mechanical 
trades, as carpentry, masonry, turnery, &c. 
Arts, fine, a term synonimous with the 
French expression beaux arts, and perhaps 
imitated from it. The fine arts are painting, 
sculpture, architecture, engraving, drawing, 
and music ; formerly classed under the more 
general and appropriate description of the 
liberal arts. See Painting, Sculpture, 
&c. &c. 
ARVALES fratres, in Roman anti- 
quity, a college of tw elve priests, instituted 
by Romulus. 
ARUM, wakerobin, or cuckow-pint, 
in botany, a genus of the polyandria order, 
belonging to the gynantlria class of plants, 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
2d order, piperita:. The spatha is raono- 
phyllous. and cowl-shaped : the spadix is 
naked above, female below, and stamineous 
in the middle. There are 32 species, of 
which the most remarkable are the follow- 
ing: 
1. Arum arborescens, or dumb-cane, is a 
native of the sugar islands and warm parts of 
America, where it grows chiefly on low 
grounds. All the parts of it abound wfith an 
acrid juice, so that if a leaf or part of the stalk 
is broken and applied to the tip of the tongue, 
it occasions a very painful sensation and a 
great defluxion of saliva. The stalks of this 
plant are sometimes applied to the mouths 
of the negroes by way of punishment. 
2. Arum arisarium, as w ell as the arum 
proboscidium and arum tenuifoliuin, are all 
distinguished by the general name of friar’s 
cowl, on account of the resemblance of their 
flow ers to the shape of the cowls worn by 
friars. The flowers appear in April. 
3. Arum colocasia, as well as the arum 
divaricatum, esculentum, peregrinum, and 
sagittifolium, have all mild roots, which are 
eaten by the inhabitants of the hot countries, 
w here they grow naturally. Even the leaves 
of some of them, particularly those of the 
esculentum, which they call Indian kale, in 
those countries where many of the esculent 
vegetables of England are w ilh difficulty pro- 
duced, prove a good succedaneum. 
4. Arum divaricatum has spear-shaped 
leaves. 
5. Arum dracunculus, or the common 
dragons, grows naturally in most of the 
southern parts of Europe. It has a straight 
stalk, three or four feel high, which is spotted 
like the belly of a snake: at' the top it is 
spread out into leaves, whichare cut into se- 
veral narrow segments almost to the bottom, 
and are spread open like a hand; at the top 
of the stalk the flow r er is produced, which is 
in shape like the common arum, having a 
long spathe of a dark purple colour, standing 
erect, with a large pistil of the same colour. 
6. Arum Italicum is a native of Italy, 
Spain, and Portugal. The leaves rise a foot 
15 ? 
and a half high, terminating in a point; they 
are very large, and finely veined w ith w hite, 
interspersed w ith black spots, which, toge- 
ther with the fine shining green, make a 
pretty variety. 
7. Arum maculatum, or common wake- 
robin, grows naturally in woods and on shady 
banks in most parts of Britain. The leaves 
are halberd-shaped, very entire and spotted; 
the berries numerous, growing in a naked 
cluster. The flowers appear in April; and 
their wonderful structure has given rise to 
many disputes among the botanists. The 
receptacle is long, in the shape of a club, 
with the seed-buds surrounding its base. The 
chives are fixed to the receptacle amongst the 
seed-buds, so that there is no occasion for 
the tips to be supported upon threads, and 
therefore they have none ; but they are fixed 
to the lruit-stalk, and placed between two 
rows of tendrils: the point in dispute is, what 
is the use of those tendrils ? 
8. Arum trilobatum, or arum of Ceylon, 
is a native of that island and some other parts 
of India, and cannot bear cold. It is a low 
plant ; the flower rises immediately from the 
root, standing on a very short footstalk : the 
spatha is long, erect, and of a fine scarlet co- 
lour, as is also the pistil. 
The roots of the maculatum and dracun- 
culus are used in medicine, and differ in no- 
thing but that the latter is somewhat stronger 
than the former. 'Phis root is a powerful 
stimulant and attenuant. It is reckoned a 
medicine of efficacy in some cachectic and 
chlorotic cases, and in weakness of the sto- 
mach. Great benefit has been obtained 
from it in rheumatic pains, particularly those 
of the fixed kind, and which w ere seated 
deep. In these cases it may be given from 
10 grains to a scruple of the fresh root tw ice 
or thrice a day, made into a bolus or emulsion 
w ith unctuous and mucilaginous substances. 
ARUNDELIAN marbles, called also 
the Parian Chronicle, are antient stones, on 
w hich is inscribed a chronicle of the city of 
Athens, supposed to have been engraven in 
capital letters, in the island of Paros, 264 
years before Christ. They take their name 
from the earl of Arundel, who procured 
them from the East, or from his grandson,, 
who presented them to the university cf 
Oxford. The authenticity of these marbles 
has led to a controversy between Mr. Rc- 
bertson, who in his ‘ Parian Chronicle ’ ques- 
tioned it, and Mr. Hewlett, w ho defended it 
in a ‘ Vindication of the Authenticity of the 
Parian Chronicle,’ which see. 
ARTjNDO, in botany,. the reed, a genus 
of the digynia order, belonging to the trian- 
dria class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the fourth order, gramina. 
The caiyx consists of tw T o valves, and the 
floscules are thick and downy. There are 
14 species ; the most remarkable are : 
1. Arundo bambos, or the bamboo, a na- 
tive of the East Indies and some parts of 
America ; where it frequently attains the 
height of 60 feet. The main root is long, 
thick, jointed, spreads horizontally, and sends 
out many cylindrical woody' fibres, of a 
whitish colour, and many feet long. From 
the joints of the main root spring several 
round-jointed stalks to a prodigious height, 
and at about 10 or 12 feet from the ground 
send out at their joints several stalks joined 
together at tluir.base : these run up. in the 
