202 
B A R 
BAR 
BAR 
BANTAM-WORK, a kind of painted. or 
carved work, resembling that of Japan, only 
more gaudy. 
There are two sorts of Bantam as well as 
Japan work : as in the latter, some are ilat, 
and others embossed ; so in Bantam work 
some are flat, and others cut in, or carved into 
the wood. The Japan artists work in gold 
and other metals, and the Bantam generally 
in colours, with a small sprinkling of gold. 
BAP FES, a name give by the ancients to 
a fossil substance used in medicine: it was 
soft and of an agreeable smell, and probably 
one of the bitumens. 
" BAR, in courts of justice, an inclosure 
made with a strong partition of timber, where 
the counsel are placed to plead causes. 
Hence our lawyers, who are called to the bar, 
or licensed to plead, are termed barristers, 
an appellation equivalent to licentiate in other 
countries. 
Bar, in law, a plea of a defendant, which 
is said to be sufficient to destroy the plain- 
tiff’s action. It is. divided into bar special, 
bar to common intendment, bar temporary, 
and bar perpetual. Bar special, falls out 
upon some special circumstances of the case 
in question, as where an executor being sued 
for his testator’s debt, pleads that he had no 
goods in his hands at the day on which the 
writ was sued out. Bar to common intend- 
ment is a general bar, which commonly dis- 
ables the plaintiff’s declaration. Bar tempo- 
rary is such as is good for the present, but 
may afterwards fail ; and bar perpetual is 
that which overthrows the plaintiff’s action 
for ever. In personal actions, once barred 
and ever so, is the general rule; but it is in- 
tended, where a bar is to the right of the 
cause, not where a wrong action is brought. 
Bar, in heraldry, an ordinary in form of 
the fess, but much less. It differs from the 
fess only in its narrowness, and in this, that 
the bar may be placed in any part of the field, 
whereas the fess is confined to a single place. 
Bar, in the manege, the highest part of 
that place of a horse’s mouth situated be- 
tween the grinders and tushes. 
Bar, a stroke drawn perpendicularly across 
the lines of a piece of music, including be- 
tween eacli two a certain quantity or mea- 
sure of time, which is Various as the time of 
the music is either triple or common. In 
common time, between each two bars is in- 
cluded the measure of four crotchets; in 
triple, three. The principal use of bars is 
to regulate the beating of time in a concert. 
Bar, in hydrography, denotes a bank of 
sand, or other matter, whereby the mouth 
of a river is in a manner choked up.' 
BARALIPTON, among logician's, a term 
denoting the first indirect mode of the first 
figure of syllogism. A syllogism in bara- 
iipton, is when the two first propositions are 
general, and the third particular, the middle 
term being-the subject in the first proposition, 
and the predicate in the second. Thus : 
Every evil ought to be feared : 
Every violent passion is an evil ; 
Therefore something that ought to be 
feared is a violent passion. 
BARALLOTS, a sect of Manicheans at 
Bologna in Italy, who had all things in com- 
mon, 1 even their wives and children. 
BARANGI, officers among the Greeks of 
the lower empire. Cujas calls them in Latin 
proteetores, and others give them the name | 
of securigeri. It was their business to keep 
the keys of the city-gates where the emperor 
resided. 
BARATHRUM, in antiquity, a deep 
dark pit at Athens, into which condemned 
persons were cast headlong. It had sharp 
spikes at the top, that no man might escape 
out, and others at the bottom to pierce and 
torment such as were cast in. 
The term is aiso applied to certain baleful 
caverns, inaccessible on account of their fetid 
or poisonous fumes. 
BARBACAN, or Barbican, a watch- 
tower, for the purpose of descr ying an enemy 
at a great distance: it also implies an outer 
defence, or sort of ancient fortification to a 
city or castle, used especially as a fence to 
the city or walls ; also an aperture made in 
the w : alls of a fortress to lire through upon 
the enemy. It is sometimes used to denote 
a fort at the entrance of a bridge, or the 
outlet of a city, having a double wall with 
towers. 
BARBADOES-TAR. See Bitumen. 
BARBICAN, in architecture, a canal, or 
opening left in the wall, for water to come in 
and go out, when buildings are erected in 
places liable to be overflowed, or to drain off 
the water from a terras, or the like. 
BARBARA, among logicians, the first 
mode of the first figure of syllogisms. 
A syllogism in barbara, is one of which all 
the propositions are universal, and affirmative; 
the middle term being the subject of the first 
proposition, and attribute in the second. For 
example. 
Bar. Every wicked man is miserable : 
Ba. All tyrants are wicked men ; 
Ra. Therefore all tyrants are miserable. 
BARBATE!) leaf, one terminated by a 
bunch of strong hairs. 
BARBE, in commerce, a Barbary horse, 
greatly esteemed for its beauty, strength, and 
swiftness. § 
Barbr, in the military art : to fire in barbe 
means to fire the cannon over the parapet 
instead of firing through the embrasures ; in 
which case the parapet must not be above 
three feet and a half high. 
Barbe, or Bar de, is an old word, denoting 
the armour of the horses of the antient 
knights and soldiers. 
BARBED and Crested, in heraldry, 
an appellation given to the combs and gills 
of a cock, when particularised for being of a 
different tincture from the body. 
A barbed cross is a cross, the extremities 
of which are like the barbed irons used for 
striking of fish. 
BaRBELICOTJE, in church-history, a 
sect of gnostics, who affirmed that an immor- 
tal eon had commerce with a virgin called 
Barbelath, to whom he granted successively 
the gift of prophecy, incorruptibility, and 
eternal life. 
BARBER, one who makes a trade of shav- 
ing, or trimming, the beards of other men, 
for money. Besides curling the hair, and 
'shaving, the ancient barbers trimmed the 
nails. Formerly some musical instrument 
was part of a barber’s stock in trade ; and it 
was customary for persons above the common 
rank to resort to his shop, either for surgical 
operations, or for shaving, &c. The music 
was for the amusement of the waiting cus- 
tomers, and answered the same purpose as 
a newspaper in modern times. Barbers were 
uniformly bleeders ; and the pole now used 
as a sign, was a representation of the staff 
which was put into the hand of a person un- 
dergoing the operation of phlebotomy. The 
white band which surrounds it is designed 
to represent the fillet that binds up the arm. 
The surgeon-barbers were incorporated by- 
Henry the VIHth, and separated from the 
surgeons by an act of Anne. 
BARBEL, in ornithology, the name of a 
genus of birds in Latham’s Synopsis, corre- 
sponding with the bucco of Linna us. Bar- 
bets are described as a dull stupid race of 
birds, inhabiting the tropical climates. They 
probably take their name from the strong 
bristles which surround the bill. They are 
in general larger than a lark, and vary iu 
plumage, being black, green, reddish, pled, 
& c. See Bucco. 
BARBING, is sometimes used for shear- 
ing : by an ancient statute, cloth was not to 
be sold, till barbed, rowed, and shorn. 
BABBLES, or Barbs, in farriery, the knots 
of superfluous flesh that grow up in the 
channels of a horse’s mouth, that is, in the 
intervals that separate the bars, and lie under 
the tongue. 
BARCALON, an appellation given to the 
pi'ime minister of the king of Siam. 
BARCONE, a short and broad vessel 
used in the Mediterranean for the carriage 
of corn, salt, and other provisions, from one 
place to another. 
BARDESANISTS, Christians of the se- 
cond century, who maintained that the devil 
was a self-existent independent being ; that 
Jesus Christ was not born of a woman, but 
brought his body with him from heaven ; and 
denied the resurrection of the body. 
BAREG E-ivaters, are celebrated for then- 
mineral virtues : they are situated at Barege 
on the French side of the Pyrenees, and 
differ in the degree of temperature from 120 
degrees, to 73 degrees. By analysis they 
are found to contain sulphurated hydrogen 
and soda, some common salt, and a bitumen. 
See Mineral WAters. 
BAR-FEE, a fee of twenty-pence, which 
every prisoner acquitted of felony pays to 
the gaoler. 
BARGAIN and Sale. See Contract. 
BARGE-COURSE, with bricklayers, a 
term used for that part of the tiling which 
projects over without tire principal rafters, 
in all sorts of buildings, where there is either a 
gable or kirkin-head. 
BARGHMOTE, a court which takes cog- 
nizance of causes and disputes between mi- 
ners. By custom of the mines, no person is 
to sue a miner for ore, debt, &c. but in this 
court, on penalty of forfeiting the debt, and 
paying the charge at law. 
BARILLA, a kind of Spanish alkaline 
salt used in the glass trade. It is procured 
by burning to ashes several plants of the kali 
kind. It is brought over in brown speckled 
masses, without smell and strongly alkaline. 
See Soda. 
BARK, in the anatomy of plants, the ex- 
terior part of trees, corresponding to the skin 
of an animal. See Physiology of Plants. 
Bark, in navigation, a little vessel with 
two or three triangular sails ; but, according 
to Guillet, it is a vessel with three masts, 
viz. a main-mast, fore-mast, and mizen-mast. 
Bark, or Jesuit’s Bark. See Cinchona. 
