B A II 
E A R 
206 B A 11 
side to side, into an even number of partitions, 
consisting of two or more tinctures, inter- 
changeably disposed. 
Barry -bendy is when an escutcheon is 
divided evenly, bar and bend-ways, by lines 
drawn transverse and diagonal, interchange- 
ably varying the tinctures of which it consists. 
Barry -pily is when a coat is divided by 
several lues drawn obliquely from side to 
side, where they form acute angles. 
BARTERING, in commerce, the ex- 
changing of one commodity for another, or 
the trucking wares for wares, among mer- 
chants. Such w as tire original and natural 
mode of commerce, there being no buying 
till money was invented, though, in ex- 
changing, both parties are buyers and sellers. 
The only difficulty in this way of dealing 
lies in the due proportioning the commo- 
dities to be exchanged, so as that neither party 
sustain any loss. 
The value of the goods bartered are al- 
ways equal to the product of the quantities 
bartered into their respective rates. There- 
fore multiply the given quantity and rate of 
one commodity, and this product divided by 
the rate of the other commodity, will give 
the quantity, or divided by the quantity will 
give tire rate. 
BARTON is used in the west of England 
for the. demesne lands of a manor: also for 
the manor-house ; and in some parts for out- 
houses, &c. 
BARTSfA, painted cup, a genus of the 
angiospermia order, and didynamia class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 40th order, personatae. The calyx 
is- bilbous, emargined, and coloured; the 
corolla less coloured than the calyx, with its 
upper lip longer than the under one. There 
are live species, of which the principal are, 
1. Bartsia alpina, the mountain eye-bright 
cow-wheat. It is a native of Britain, and is 
found near rivulets in hilly countries. Sheep 
and goats eat it. 
2. Bartsia viscosa, marshy, or yellow marsh 
eye-bright, is about 10 or 12 inches high, 
with an erect stalk, downy and unbranched : 
the leaves are sessile, spear-shaped, and a 
little viscous ; the llov'ers are yellow, and 
the plant dries black. It is found in marshy 
places in Cornwall. 
BARULES, in church history, certain 
Christians who held that the Son of God had 
only a phantom of a body ; that souls were 
created before the world, and that they lived 
all at one time. 
BARYTES, in mineralogy and chemistry, 
an earth that was discovered by Scheele in 
1774, and the lirst account of its properties 
was published by him in his Dissertation on 
Manganese. 
The experiments of Scheele were con- 
firmed by Bergman, who gave the earth the 
name of terra ponderosa. Morveau gave it 
the name of barote, and Kirwan of barytes ; 
which last was approved of by Bergman, and 
is now universally adopted. Different pro- 
cesses for obtaining barytes were published 
by Scheele, Bergman, YViegleb, and Afswe- 
lius ; but little addition was made to the pro- 
perties ascertained by the original discoverer, 
(ill Dr. Hope published his experiments in 
1793. In 1797, our knowledge of its nature 
was still farther extended by the experi- 
ments of Pelletier, Fourcroy, and Vauquelin. 
1 . Barytes maybe obtained from ponderous 
spar, or sulphat of barytes as it is now called, 
by the following process, for which we are 
indebted to Vauquelin. Reduce the mineral 
to a line powder ; mix it with the eighth 
part of its weight of charcoal powder, and 
keep it for some hours red-hot in a crucible, 
and it will be converted into suiphuret of 
barytes. Dissolve the suiphuret in water, 
and* pour nitric acid into the solution, and 
the sulphur will be ’precipitated. The solu- 
tion, which consists of nitric acid combined 
with barytes, is to be liltred and evaporated 
slowly till it crystallizes. Put the crystals 
into a crucible, and expose it to a strong 
heat ; the nitric acid is driven off, and the 
barytes remains in a state of purity. 
Another method attended with less ex- 
pence was pointed out long ago by Dr. Hope, 
and has been since proposed by several fo- 
reign chemists without taking any notice of 
the original discoverer. The method is this : 
Decompose the sulphat of barytes, by heating 
it strongly along with charcoal powder. The 
product is to be treated with water to dissolve 
every thing that is soluble : and the liquid, 
being liltred, is to be mixed with a solution 
of carbonat of soda. A white powder falls. 
Wash this powder; make it up into balls with 
charcoal, and heat it strongly in a crucible. 
When these balls are treated with boiling- 
water, a portion of barytes is dissolved, which 
crystallizes as the water cools. 
Barytes obtained by the lirst method is a 
greyish- white porous body, which may be 
very easily reduced to powder. It has a 
harsh and more caustic taste than lime ; and 
when taken into the stomach proves a most 
violent poison. It has no perceptible smell. 
It tinges vegetable blues green, and decom- 
poses animal bodies like the fixed alkalies, 
though not with such energy. 
Its specific gravity, according to Fourcroy, 
is 4; but according to Hassenfratz, only 
2.374. But there is reason to conclude, from 
the method employed by this philosopher, 
that the specific gravities which he assigns 
are all too low. 
When heated it becomes harder, and ac- 
quires internally a bluish-green shade. When 
exposed to the blow-pipe on a piece of char- 
coal, it fuses, bubbles up, and runs into 
globules, which quickly penetrate the char- 
coal. This is probably in consequence of 
containing water, for Lavoisier found barytes 
not affected by the strongest heat which lie 
could produce. 
When exposed to the air, it immediately 
attracts moisture ; in consequence of which 
it swells, heat is evolved, and the barytes falls 
to a white powder, just as happens to quick- 
lime when water is sprinkled on it. After 
the barytes is thus slacked, it gradually at- 
tracts carbonic acid, and loses its acrid pro- 
perties, its weight being increased. It can- 
not therefore be kept pure except in close 
vessels. 
When a little water is poured upon barytes 
it is slacked like quick lime, but more rapid- 
ly, and with the evolution of more heat. The 
mass becomes white, and swells considerably. 
If the quantity of water is sufficient to dilute 
it completely, the barytes crystallizes in 
cooling, and assumes the appearance of a 
stone composed of needle-form crystals ; but 
when exposed to the air it gradually attracts 
carbonic acid and falls to powder. 
Water is capable of dissolving 0,05 parts 
of its weight of barytes. This solution, 
which is known by the name of barytes water, 
is limpid and colourless, has an acrid taste, 
and converts vegetable blues first to a green 
and then destroys them. When exposed to 
the air, its surface is soon covered with a 
stony crust, consisting of the barytes com- 
bined with carbonic acid. 
Boiling water dissolves more than half its 
weight of barytes. As the solution cools, 
the barytes is deposited in crystals ; the 
shape of which varies according to the ra- 
pidity with which they have been formed. 
When most regular, they are fiat hexagonal 
prisms. These crystals are transparent and 
colourless, and appear to be composed of 
about 53 parts of water and 47 of barytes. 
When exposed to the heat of boiling water, 
they undergo the watery fusion ; that is to 
say, the water which they contain becomes 
sufficient to keep the barytes in solution. A 
stronger heat makes the water tiy off When 
exposed to the air, they attract carbonic acid, 
and crumble into dust. They are soluble in 
17J parts of water at the temperature of 60° ; 
but boiling water dissolves any quantity what- 
ever : the reason of which is evident ; at that 
temperature their own water of crystalliza- 
tion is sufficient to keep them in solution. 
Barytes undergoes no change from light; 
neither is it capable, as far as is known, of 
combining with oxygen. 
None of the simple combustibles combine 
with it except sulphur and phosphorus. 
Suiphuret of barytes may be formed by 
mixing its two ingredients together, and heat- 
ing them in a crucible. The mixture melts 
at a red heat, and when cold forms amass of 
a reddish-yellow colour, without any smell, 
which is suiphuret of barytes. This suiphuret 
decomposes water with great rapidity : sul- 
phureted hydrogen is formed, which, com- 
bining with the suiphuret, converts it into a 
hydrogenated suiphuret. This change takes 
place whenever the suiphuret is moistened 
with water, or even exposed to the atmo- 
sphere. When boiling water is poured upon 
suiphuret of barytes, a great quantity of sul- 
phureted hydrogen is formed almost instant- 
aneously, which combines with the water and 
occasions the solution of the suiphuret. 
When the solution cools, a great number of 
brilliant white crystals are deposited. 
Phosphuret of barytes may be formed by 
putting a mixture of phosphorus and barytes 
into a glass tube close at one end, and heat- 
ing the mixture by putting the tube upon 
burning coals. The combination takes place 
very rapidly. This phosphuret is of a dark- 
brown colour, very brilliant and very fusible. 
When moistened, it exhales the odour of 
phosphureted hydrogen gas. When thrown 
into water, it is gradually decomposed, phos- 
phureted hydrogen gas is emitted, which 
takes fire when it comes to the surface of 
the water, and the phosphorus is gradually 
converted into phosphoric acid. 
Barytes is not acted on by azote ; but it 
combines readily with muriatic acid, and 
forms a compound called muriat of barytes. 
Barytes has no action on metals ; but it 
is capable of combining with several of the 
metallic oxydes, and forming with them com- 
pounds which have not hitherto been much 
examined. For instance, if poured into a 
solution of silver or lead in nitric acid, it 
precipitates the first brown, and the second 
