B A T 
You must post the different kinds of troops ’ 
[ advuutageoudy for each : they must be so , 
disposed as to be aisle to return often to tue 
I clurgc ; for he who can charge often with ; 
j fresh troops, is commonly victorious. Your 
wing? must be covered so as not to be sur- 
rounded ; and you must observe that your j 
troops can assist each other without any con- 
fusion, the intervals being proportioned to the 
battalions and squadrons. 
Great care must he taken about the regu- 
| 1 at ion of the artillery, which should be dis- 
• posed so as to be able to act in every place 
to the greatest advantage; for nothing is more 
i certain than that, if the artillery is well com- 
| manded, properly distributed, and manfully 
served, it will greatly contribute to gaining 
} the battle, being looked upon as the general 
'■ instrument of the army, and the most essen- 
; tial part of military force. The artillery must 
j be well supplied with ammunition, and each 
| soldier have a sufficient number of cartridges. 
The baggage, provisions, and treasure of lire 
army, should, on the day of battle, be sent 
to a place of safety. 
In battle, where the attacks are, there is 
also the principal defence. If an army at- 
1 tacks, it forms at pleasure; it makes its points 
at will: if it defends, it will he sometimes dif- 
ficult to penetrate into the designs of the ene- 
my, but when once found, succour succeeds 
to the discovery. Ground and numbers must 
ever lead in the arrangement of battles; im- 
pression and resource will ever bid fairest for 
winning them. 
IiATTLE-array, ) the method and order 
Battle, line of, \ of arranging the troops 
in order or line of battle ; the form of drawing 
up the army for an engagement. This me- 
thod generally consists of three lines, viz. the 
front line, the rear line, and the reserve. 
The second line should be about 300 paces 
behind the first, and the reserve at about 5 or 
, ti00 paces behind the second. Thu. artillery 
is likewise divided along the front of the first 
line. The front line should be stronger than 
the rear line, that its shock may be more vio- 
lent ; and that, by having a greater front, it 
may more easily close on the enemy’s ilanks. 
If the lirst line lias the advantage, it should 
continue to act, and attack the enemy’s se- 
cond line, terrified by the defeat ot their lirst. 
The artillery must always accompany the line 
of battle in the order it was at lirst distributed, 
if the ground permit it ; and the rest of the 
army should follow the motions of the first 
line, when it continues to march on after its 
lirst success. 
Battle-ax, an offensive weapon, formerly 
much used by the Danes, and other northern 
infantry. It was a kind of halbert, and did 
great execution when wielded by a strong 
arm. 
Battle, naval, the same with a sea-fight 
or engagement between two fleets of men of 
war. Before a naval battle, every squadron 
usually subdivides itself into three equal di- 
visions, with a reserve of certain ships out ot 
every squadron to bring up their rear. Every 
one of these, observing a due birth and dis- 
tance*, are in the battle to second one another ; 
and the better to avoid confusion and falling 
foul of call other, to charge, discharge, and 
fall otf by threes or fives, more or less, as 
the fleet is greater or smaller. The ships ot 
reserve are instructed either to succour and 
relieve those that are any way in danger, or 
B A If 
to supply and put themselves in the place of 
those that shall be made unserviceable. 
As for a fleet consisting but of few ships, 
when obliged to fight in an "open sea, it 
should be brought up to battle in only one 
front, with tire chief admiral in the middle of 
them, and on each side of him the strongest 
and best-provided ships of the fleet. 
The English mode of lighting at sea lias 
latterly been, to bear down on the enemy in 
a single column or line, to break the line of 
the enemy ship by ship, raking them bv a 
broadside as they pass. By thus breaking 
the enemy’s line at a particular part, an op- 
portunity is afforded, vs ind and other circum- 
stances favouring, of cutting off any given 
number of their torce, and reducing them to 
an equality. Such was the famous manoeuvre 
of* sir John Jervis off Cape St. Vincent, by 
which he gained a victory over a very supe- 
rior force. In the ever-memorable battle of 
Trafalgar, lord Nelson bore down upon 
the combined fleets in two columns, which 
brought them (o action sooner and to greater 
advantage than could otherwise have been 
effected. The disposition of the enemy on 
the same occasion was most masterly ; for by 
ranging a part of their fleet behind the others 
in the intervals between ship and ship, they 
rendered it so much the more difficult and 
hazardous to break their line. 
BATTLEMENTS, in architecture, are 
indentures or notches in the top of a wall or 
other building, in the form ot embrasures, 
for the sake of looking or liring through 
them. 
BATZ, a copper coin mixed with some sil- 
ver, and current at different rates, according 
to the alloy, in Nuremberg, Basil, Fribourg, 
Lucerne, and other cities of Germany and 
Switzerland. 
BAUH1NIA, mountain ebony, a genus of 
the monogynia order and decandria class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 33d order, lomentaceai. The ca- 
lyx is quinquefid and deciduous; the petals 
are oblong, expanded, and clawed, the supe- 
rior one more distant, all inserted on the ca- 
lyx; the capsule is a legumen. There are 
13 species, all trees and shrubs, which are 
propagated by seeds; and must be sown in 
hot-beds, and afterwards kept in a bark stove. 
The most remarkable are, 
1. Bauhinia aculeata, with a prickly stalk, 
very common in Jamaica and other American 
sugar islands, where it rises to 16 or 18 feet, 
with a crooked stem, and divides into many 
irregular branches armed with strong short 
spines, compound winged leaves, each having 
two or three pair of lobes ending with an odd 
one, which are oblique, blunt, and indented 
at the top. The stalks are terminated by 
several long spikes of yellow flowers, suc- 
ceeded by bordered pods about three inches 
long, containing two or three swelling seeds. 
It is called in America the savin tree, trom its 
strong odour somewhat resembling the com- 
mon savin. 
2. Bauhinia acuminata, with oval leaves, 
is a native of both the Indies, and rises, with 
several pretty strong, upright, smooth steins, 
sending out many slender branches. The 
flowers come out at the extremities of the 
branches, three or four in a loose bunch ; 
so ms; of the petals are red or striped with 
white, but others are plain upon the same 
branch; the stamina and style are white, and 
D-d 2 
B A Z 211 
stand out beyond lire petals. The wood of 
this tree is very hard, and veined with blaek ; 
whence its name cf mountain ebony. 
3. Bauhinia divaricata, with oval leaves, 
whose lobes spread different- wavs. 'll. is 
grows naturally in great plenty on the north 
side of the island ot Jamaica, it seldom rises 
more than live or six feet, but divides into 
several branches. 'I lie flowers grow in loose 
panicles at the end ci the brandies, have a 
white colour, and a very agreeable seen!. 
They appear the greatest part of summer, 
which makes it one of the greatest beauties 
of the hot-house. 
4. Bauhinia tomentosa, with heart-shaped 
leaves, is a native of Cam peachy, and rises 
to 12 or 1 4 feet, with a smooth stem dividing 
into many branches, having two smooth- 
pointed lobes. E ery branch is terminated 
by a long spike of yellow flowers, so that 
when these trees are in flower they make a 
line appearance. 
5. Bauhinia variegata, with heart-shaped 
leaves, and lobes joining together, is a na- 
tive of botli the Indies. It rises with a 
strong stem upwards of 20 feet, dividing into 
many strong branches. The flowers are large, 
and grow in loose panicles at the extremity 
of the branches. They are of a purplish red 
colour marked Nvilh white, and have a yellow 
bottom. The flowers have a very agreeable 
scent, and are succeeded by compressed 
pods about six inches long, and three quar- 
ters of an inch broad, containing three or 
four compressed seeds in each. 
HAWN, or Ban, to construct and secure 
with branches of trees an area enclosed with 
thick ditches of earth, square or circular, im- 
paled with wooden stakes or branches of 
trees, and surrounded with a deep trench. 
Numerous remains of such fortresses are 
found in Britain, Germany, and oilier coun- 
tries in the north of Europe. 
BAY, among farmers, a term used to sig- 
nify the magnitude of a barn ; as if a bam 
consists of a floor and two heads, where they 
lay corn, they call it a barn of two bays. 
These bays are from 1 4 to 20 feet long. 
BAYONET, in the military art, a short 
broad dagger, litted for the bore of a firelock, 
to be fixed there after the soldier has fired. 
BAYS, in commerce, a sort of open wool- 
len stuff, having a long nap, sometimes frized, 
and sometimes not. This stuff is without 
wale, and is wrought in a loom with two 
treddles, like flannel. It is chiefly manufac- 
tured at Colchester, and Booking in Essex, 
where there is a hall called the Dutch bay- 
hall, or raw-hall. The exportation of bays 
u T as formerly much more considerable than 
at present. However, the English bays are 
still sent in great quantities to Spain and Por- 
tugal, and even to Italy. 
BAZAR, Bazari, ur Bazaakd, a place 
designed for trade among the eastern nations, 
particularly the Persians, some of which are 
open at top, like the market-places of Eu- 
rope ; others are covered with high vaulted 
ceilings, and adorned with domes to give 
light. 
At Constantinople the old and new' bazar 
are large square buildings, covered with 
domes, and sustained by arches and pilasters; 
the former chiefly for arms, harnesses, and 
the like ; the latter for goldsmiths, jewellers, 
furriers, and all sorts of manufactures. 
BAZAT, or Baza, in commerce, a long. 
