2*12 
BON 
BON 
BON 
creature interweaves it with the hairs it 
plucks off its skin for this purpose. The com- 
mon silkworm (bombyx mori), whose cocoon 
consists of the most valuable kind of siik, as is 
well known, has the skin perfectly smooth, or 
free from hair. There are certain species of 
the larger bombyces, the larva; of which 
have smooth skins, but still beset with an- 
nular series of spines or bristles, that produce 
very strong silk, and are reared with the 
view of obtaining the cocoons for the manu- 
facture of silk in the East Indies. The breed 
of these useful insects has long been cultivat- 
ed in India, although the silk produced from 
them is very little, if at all, known in Europe. 
The bombyces remain in the pupa state for a 
certain time, varying according to the species, 
some only a few days or w eeks, others six or 
twelve months, two years, or even three. 
The same day that the creatures emerge 
from the pupa state they are in a condition 
to perpetuate then race. Almost immedi- 
ately after coupling, the males die; the fe- 
males live long enough to deposit the eggs in 
a proper place for their security, and where 
the infant brood may find subsistence, after 
wnichthey perish likewise. 
The species of the bombyx tribe are nu- 
merous. Those already described by natu- 
ralists amount to a large number; and there 
are, in the cabinets of the curious, many 
more, especially of the extra- European spe- 
cies, that have never been described ; even 
in the collections of this country, those of the 
latter description are numerous. 
BONA notab ilia, are such goods as a 
person dying has in another diocese than that 
wherein he dies, amounting to the value of 5l. 
at least; in which case the will of the deceas- 
ed must be proved, or administration granted, 
in the court of the archbishop of the pro- 
vince, unless by composition or custom any 
dioceses are authorised to do it, when rated 
at a greater sum. 
BOND. A bond, or obligation, is a deed 
whereby the obligor, or person b®und, binds 
himself, his heirs, executors, and administra- 
tors, to pay a certain sum of money, or do 
some other act; and there is generally a 
condition added, that if he do perform such 
act, the obligation shall be void, or else re- 
main in full force; as performance of cove- 
nants, standing to an award, payment of rent, 
or repayment of a principal sum of money 
with interest, which principal sum is usually 
half the sum specified in the bond. 2 Black. 
340.- 
All persons who are enabled to contract, 
and whom the law supposes to have sufficient 
freedom and understanding for that purpose, 
may bind themselves in bonds and obliga- 
tions. 1 Bob Abr. 340. 
If the condition of a bond is impossible at 
the time of making if, if it is to do a thing 
contrary to some rule of law, or to do a thing 
that is "malum in se, the obligation itself is 
Void. The bond of a feme covert is void, 
as is that of an infant. If a person is ille- 
gally restrained of his liberty, and during 
such restraint enters into a bond to a person 
who causes the restraint, the same may be 
avoided for duress of imprisonment. 2 Inst. 
482. 
To avoid controversies, three things are 
necessary to making a good obligation, sign- 
ing, sealing, and delivery. A bond, on which 
neither principal nor interest has been de- 
manded for 20 years, will be presumed in 
equity to be satisfied. If several obligors are 
bound jointly and severally, and the obligee 
makes one of them his executor, it is a re- 
lease of the debt, and the executor cannot 
sue the other obligor. 8 Cor. 13b. 
If one obligor makes the executor of an 
obligee his executor, and leaves assets, the 
debt is deemed satisfied ; for he has power by 
way 7 of retainer to satisfy the debt. A release 
to one obligor is a release to all, both in law 
and equity . 1 Atk. 294. 
Bond, post obit , one and the main con- 
dition of which is, that it only becomes pay- 
able after the death of some person, whose 
name is therein specified. The death of any 
person being uncertain as to time, the risk 
attached to such bonds frees them from the 
shackles of the common law of usury. It has 
been determined, that bonds bought for half 
their value did not amount to usury r on ac- 
count of the risk with which they were at- 
tended. 
Bond, in carpentry, a term among work- 
men ; as, to make good bond, means that 
they should fasten the two or more pieces to- 
gether either by tenanting, mortising, or 
dovetailing, &c. 
Bond, in masonry and bricklaying, is when 
bricks or stones are so interwoven that the 
joints are not made over or upon other joints, 
but reacli at least six inches both within the 
wall and on the surface, as the art of building 
requires. 
BONDAGE by forelock, was when a free- 
man renounced his liberty, and became slave 
to some great man : which was done by the 
ceremony of cutting off a lock of hair on the 
forehead, and delivering it to his lord ; de- 
noting that he was to be maintained for the 
future. Such bondman, if he reclaimed his 
liberty, or was fugitive from his master, 
might be drawn again to his servitude by the 
nose : hence is said to be the origin of the 
popular menace to pull a man by the nose. 
BONE, in chemistry and the arts. The 
bones are the most solid part of animals. 
Their texture is sometimes dense, at other 
times cellular and porous, according to the 
situation of the bone. They 7 are white, of a 
lamellar structure, and not flexible nor soft- 
ened by heat. Their specific gravity differs 
in different parts. That of adults’ teeth is 
2.2727 : the specific gravity of children’s 
teeth is 2.0833. It must have been always 
known that bones are combustible, and that 
when sufficiently burnt they leave behind 
them a white porous substance, which is taste- 
less, absorbs water, and has the form of the 
original bone. The nature of this substance 
embarrassed the earlier chemists. In 1771, 
Scheele mentioned in his dissertation on fluor 
spar, that the earthy part of bones is phosphat 
of lime. This discovery was the first and 
the great step towards a chemical knowledge 
of the composition of bones. Afterwards, 
some new facts were made known by Ber- 
niard, Bouillon, andRouelle; but for by far 
the most complete analysis that lias hitherto 
appeared we are indebted to Mr. Hatchett. 
The component parts of bones are chiefly 
four : namely, the earthy salts, fat, gelatine, 
and cartilage. 
1 . The earthy salts may be obtained either 
by calcining the bone to whiteness, or by 
steeping it for a sufficient length of time in 
the acids. In the first case, the salts remain in 
the state of a brittle white substance. In the 
second, they are dissolved, and may be 
thrown down by the proper precipitants. 
These earthy salts are three in number : 
1. Phosphat of lime, which constitutes by far 
the greatest part of the whole. 2. Carbonate 
of lime. 3. Sulphat of lime, which forms 
the smallest part. To estimate these sub- 
stances, calcined bones, or the raspings of 
bones, may be dissolved hi nitric or muriatic 
acid. During the solution carbonic acid" gas 
makes its escape. Pure ammonia dropt into 
the solution throws down the phosphat of 
lime in the state of a fine powder, readily so- 
luble without effervescence by nitric, muri- 
atic, and acetic acids. Nitrat of bary tes af- 
terwards causes a small precipitate insoluble 
in muriatic acid, and therefore consisting of 
sulphat of barytes. Its weight indicates the 
quantity of sulphuric acid in bones, from 
which the sulphat of lime which they contain 
may be estimated. Carbonate of ammonia 
now throws down pure carbonate of lime, 
'1 hose three constituents were found by Hat- 
chett in all the bones of quadrupeds and fish 
which he examined. The carbonate scarcely 
exceeds the fifth part of the phosphat, and 
the proportion of sulphat is still smaller, 
2. The proportion of fat contained in bones 
is no less various. By breaking bones in 
small pieces, and boiling them for some time 
in water, Mr. Proust obtained their fat swim- 
ming on the surface of the liquid. It weigh- 
ed, he says, one fourth of the weight of the 
bones employed; This proportion appears 
excessive, and can scarcely be accounted lor 
without supposing that tire fat still retained 
water. 
3. The gelatine is separated by the same 
means as the fat, by breaking the bones in 
pieces, and boiling them long enough in wa* 
ter. The water dissolves the gelaiine, and 
gelatinizes when sufficiently concentrated. 
Hence the importance of bones in making 
portable soups, the basis of which is concrete 
gelatine, and likewise in making glue. By 
this process Proust obtained from powdered 
bones about 1-I6th of their weight in gela- 
tine. 
4. When bones are deprived of their gela- 
tine by boiling them in water, and of their 
earthy salts by steeping them in diluted acids, 
there remains a soft white elastic substance, 
possessing the figure of the bones, and known 
by the name of cartilage. From the experi- 
ments of Mr. Hatchett, it appears that this 
substance has the properties of coagulated 
albumen. Like that substance, it becomes 
brittle and semitransparent when dried, is 
readily soluble in hot nitric acid, is converted 
into gelatine by the action of diluted nitric 
acid ; for it is soluble in hot water and gela- 
tinizes on cooling, and ammonia dissolves it 
and assumes a deep orange colour. Like 
coagulated albumen, it forms an animal soap 
with fixed alkalies. 
This cartilaginous substance is the portion 
of the bone first formed. Hence the softness 
of these parts at firsL The phosphat of lime 
is afterwards gradually deposited, and gives 
the bone the requisite firmness. The gela- 
tine and fat, especially the first, gave the bone 
the requisite degree of toughness and strength ; 
for when they are removed, the bone becomes 
brittle. The relative proportion of phosphat 
of lime and cartilage differs exceedingly in 
different bones and - in different animals. 
