15 ON 
BOO 
BOO 
243 
Phos. 
Car. 
One hundred parts con- 1 
Gela- 
of 
of 
Loss. 
tain 
tine. 
lime. 
time; 
Human bones from a ) 
16 
;|7 
1 5 
burying ground $ 
Do. dry, but not from \ 
23 
63 
o 
O 
under the earth } 
Bone of ox - - - - 
3 
93 
2 
2 
calf - - 
25 
54 
trace 
21 
horse - - - 
9 
67.5 
1 .25 
22.25 
sheep - - - 
16 
70 
0.5 
13.5 
elk - 
1.5 
90 
1 
7.5 
hog - - - 
17 
52 
1 
30 
hare 
9 
85 
1 
5 
pullet 
6 
72 
1.5 
20.5 
pike 
carp 
12 
6 
(i4 
45 
1 
0.5 
23 
48.5 
Horse-teeth 
12 
85.5 
0.25 
2.25 
Ivory - 
24 
64 
0.1 
11.15 
Hartshorn - 
127 
57.5 
1 
1 4.5 
Bones, diseases of, see Surgery. 
Bones, fossile or petrified, are those found 
in the earth, frequently at great depths in 
all strata, even in the bodies of stones and 
rocks. Some of these bones are of a huge 
size, usually supposed to be the bones oi 
giants, but more truly of elephants or hippo- 
potami, others smaller, as the vertebrae, teeth, 
and the like. It has indeed been disputed 
whether these are really animal substances or 
mineral ; but a chemical investigation proves 
them to be animal; and they were probably 
deposited in those strata at a time when all 
things were in a state of solution, and 
they incorporated and petrified with the bo- 
dies where they happened to be lodged. 
Mr. Hatchett examined some fossil bones 
from the rock of Gibraltar. He found them 
to consist of phosphat of lime without any 
cartilage or soft animal part. Their inter- 
stices were filled with carbonate of lime. 
Hence they resemble exactly bones that have 
been burnt. They must then have been 
acted on by some foreign agent ; lor putre- 
faction, or lying in the earth, does not soon 
destroy the cartilaginous part of bones. On 
putting a human os humeri, brought from 
Hythe in Kent, and said to have been taken 
from a Saxon tomb, into muriatic acid, he 
found the cartilaginous residuum nearly as 
complete as in a recent bone. 
Bon E-ace, properly bon (or good) ace, an 
easy game at cards, played thus : The dealer 
deals out two cards * to the first hand, 
and turns up the third, and so on through all 
the players, who may be seven, eight, or as 
many as the cards will permit ; lie that has 
the highest card turned up to him carries the 
bone, that is, one half of the stake, the other 
remaining to be played for. Again, if there 
are three kings, three queens, three ten-, &c. 
turned up, tiie eldest hand wins the bone; 
but it is to be observed, that the ace of dia- 
monds is bon-ace, and wins all other cards 
whatever. . Thus much for the bone; and as 
for the other half of the stake, the nearest to 
31 wins it, and he that turns up or draws 31 
wins it immediately. 
BONING, in surveying and levelling, is 
the placing of three or more rods or poles, all 
of the same length, in or upon the ground in 
such a manner that their tops may be all in 
one continued straight line, whether it is hori- 
zontal or inclined, so that the eye may look 
along the tops of them all, from one end of 
the line to the other. 
BONNET, in fortification, a small work, 
consisting of two faces, having only a parapet 
with two rows of palisadoes, ot about ten or 
twelve feet distance. It is generally raised 
before the salient angle of the counterscarp, 
and lias a communication with the covered 
way by a trench cut through the glacis, and 
palisadoes on each side. 
Bonnet a pretre, or priest’s bonnet, m 
fortification, is an outwork, having at the 
head three salient angles, and two inwards. 
It differs from the double tenaille only in this ; 
that its sides, instead of being parallel, arc 
like the queue d’aronde , or swallow’s tail, 
that is, narrowing or drawing close at the 
gorge, and opening at the head. 
Bonnet, in the sea language, denotes an 
addition to a sail: thus they say, lace on the 
bonnet, or shake off the bonnet. 
BONTIA, wild olive of Barbadoes, a ge- 
nus of the angiospermia order and didynamia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 40th order, personatx. 
The calyx is quinquepartite ; the corolla is 
bilabiated, the inferior lip tripartite and revo- 
lute; the drupe is ovate and monospermous, 
with the apex turned to one side. There is 
one species, viz. 
Bontia daphnoides has a woody stem and 
branches, rising to the height of ten feet, with 
narrow, smooth, thickish leaves, and flowers 
from the sides of the branches, succeeded by- 
large oval fruit that sometimes ripens in Eng- 
land. This species is generally cultivated in 
the gardens at Barbadoes for hedges ; for 
which it is exceedingly proper, being an 
evergreen of very quick growth. It is said 
that from cuttings planted there in the rainy 
season, when they have immediately taken 
root, there has been a complete hedge four 
or live feet high in 18 months. 
BONZES, Indian priests, who, in order to 
distinguish (themselves from the laity, wear 
a chaplet round their heads, consisting of an 
hundred beads, and carry a stall) at the end 
of which is a wooden bird. They live upon 
the alms of the people, and yet are very cha- 
ritably disposed, maintaining several orphans 
and widows out of their own collections. 
• BOOK -binding, the art of gathering and 
sewing together the sheets of a book, and co- 
vering it with, a back, &c. It is performed 
thus: the leaves are first folded with a fold- 
ing-stick, and laid over each other in the or- 
der of the signatures, which are the letters 
with the numbers annexed to them at the 
bottom of the pages of tire first one, two, 
or more leaves in each sheet. The leaves 
thus folded are then beaten ou a stone 
with a hammer, to make them smooth and 
open well, and afterwards pressed. While in 
the press they are sewed upon bands, which 
are pieces of cord or packthread; six loan is 
to a folio book, five to a quarto, octavo, &c. 
which is done by drawing a thread through 
the middle of each sheet, and giving it a turn 
round each band, beginning with the first and 
proceeding to the last. After this the books 
are glued, and the bands opened and scraped, 
for the better fixing the pasteboards; the 
back is turned with a hammer, and the book 
fixed in a press between two boards, in order 
to make a groove for fixing the pasteboards ; 
these being applied, holes are made for fixing 
them to the book, which is pressed a third 
li h 2 
time. Then the book is at last put to the 
cutting-press, betwixt two boards, the one 
lying even with the press for the knife to run 
upon, the other above it for the knile to run 
against: after which the pasteboards are 
squared. 
\ lie next operation is the sprinkling the 
leaves of the book, which is done by dipping 
a brush into vermilion and sap-green, holding 
the brush in one hand, and spreading the hair 
with the other ;. by which motion the edges 
of the leaves are sprinkled in a regular man- 
ner, without any spots being larger than the 
other. 
The covers (which are either of calf or of 
sheep-skin), being moistened in water, are 
next cut out to the size of the book, then 
smeared over with paste made ot wheat 
flour, and afterwards stretched over the 
pasteboard on the outside, and doubled over 
the edges withinside, after having lirst taken 
off the four angles, and indented and platted 
the cover at the head-band ; which done, the 
bonk is covered and bound firmly between 
two bands, and then set to dry. (Afterwards 
it is washed over with a little paste and wa- 
ter, and then sprinkled fine with a brush; un- 
less it should be marbled, when the spots are 
to be made larger by mixing the ink with vi- 
triol. After this the book is glazed twice with 
the white of an egg beaten, and at last polish- 
ed with a polishing-iron passed hot over die 
glazed cover. 
The letters or other ornaments on books 
are made with gilding-tools engraved in re- 
lievo, either on the points of puncheons, or 
around little cylinders of brass. The pun- 
cheons make their impressions by being press- 
ed Hat down, and the cylinders by being 
rolled along by a handle, to which they are 
fitted on an iron axis. To apply the gold, 
the binders glaze the parts of the leather with 
a liquor made of whites of eggs diluted with 
water, by means of a piece of sponge ; and 
when nearly dry, the pieces of gold leaf are 
laid on, an*d the tools being made hot in a 
charcoal fire, are applied. 
Book -keeping, an art teaching how to re- 
cord and dispose the accounts ot business, so 
that the true state of every part and of the 
whole may be easily and distinctly known. 
Merchants’ books are kept either single, or 
according to the method of double entry. 
Those who keep them in the former method 
have occasion tor few books, as a journal or 
day-book, and a ledger or post-book ; the 
former to write all the articles, following each 
other as they occur in the course of their bu- 
siness, and the other to dr. w out the accounts 
of all the debtors and creditors on the jour- 
nal. This method is only proper for retail 
dealers, or at least for traders who have but 
very little business; but as for wholesale deal- 
ers and great merchants, who keep their 
books according to the double entry, or Ita- 
lian method, as is now most commonly done, 
their business requires several other books, 
tiie usefulness of which will be seen from what 
follows. 
The most considerable books, according to 
die method of double entry, are the waste- 
book, the journal, and the ledger ; but be- 
sides these three, which -are absolutely neces- 
sary, there are several others, to the number 
of thirteen, or even more, called subservient 
or auxiliary books, which are used in pro- 
portion to the business a man lias, or to the 
