pound flowers, but are ranked under this 
class merely from having their stamina united 
by the anthers. 
"The orders of the 21st class are partly 
taken from the number of stamina, and partly 
from the names and characters peculiar to 
some of the other classes; e.g. moncecia 
triandria, moncecia syngenesia, moncecia gy- 
nandria. 
BOTANY. 
The orders of the 22d class are founded 
upon the number, union, and situation of the 
stamina in the male flowers. The orders of 
the 23d are all taken from classical charac- 
ters; e. g. polygamia monoecia, polygamia 
dioecia, and polygamia trioecia.. 
The 24th class is divided into 4 orders : 
1 . Filices, comprehending all plants that bear 
their seeds in the back or edges of the leaf, 
TABLE OF THE ORDERS. 
253 
and those that are called capillary plants. 
2. Musci, which comprehends all the moss 
kind. 3. Alga*, including the lichens, fuel, 
and many others whose parts of fructification 
are either altogether invisible or exceedingly 
obscure. 4. Fungi, comprehending all the 
mushroom tribe. 
For a delineation of the classes, &c. see 
Plates, Botany, IV. and V, 
Classes. 
1. Monandria 
2. Diandria 
3. TRIANDRrA 
4. Tetrandria 
5. Pentandria 
6. IIexandria 
7. Heptandria 
8. Oct ANDRIA 
9. Enneandria 
10. Decandria 
11. Dodecandria 
12. ICOSANDRIA 
13. -POLYANDRIA 
14. Didynamia 
15. Tetrad \ r NAMiA 
16. Monadelphia 
17. Diadelphia’ 
18. Polyadelphia 
19. Syngenesia 
20. Gynandria 
' 21. Monoecia 
22. Dioecia 
23. Polygamia 
24. Cryptogamia 
Appendix 
Number and Names of the Orders. 
2 Monogynia, Digynia. 
3 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia. 
3 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia. 
3 Monogynia, Digynia, Tetragynia. 
6 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigvma, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Polygyma. 
5 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, 1 etragynia, Polygynia. 
4 Monogynia, Digynia, Tetragynia, Heptagynia. 
4 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia. 
3 Monogynia, Trigynia, Hexagynia. 
5 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Pentagynia, Decagynia. 
5 Monogynia, Duynia, Trigynia, Pentagynia, Dodecagynia. 
5 Monogynia, Digynia, T rigynia, Pentagynia, Polygynia. 
7 Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetragynia, Pentagynia, Hexagynia, I olygyma. 
2 Gymnospermia, Angiospermia. 
2 Siliculosa, Siliquosa. , . ^ , , . _ , , . „ , . . 
8 Triandria, Pentandria, Octandria, Enneandria, Decandria, Endecandria, Dodecandna, loljandiia. 
4 Pentandria, IIexandria, Octandria, Decandria. 
4 Pentandria, Dodecandria, leosandria, Polyandria. . . 
6 < Polygamia aequalis, Polygamia superflua, Polygamia frustranea, Polygamia necessana, Polygamia 
( segregata, Monogamia. , . _ , . _ . , . , 
] Diandria, Triandria, Tetrandria, Pentandria, IIexandria, Octandria, Decandria, Dodecandria, Poly- 
| Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, Tetrandria, Pentandria, Hexandria, Heptandria, Polyandria, 
1 | Monadelphia, Syngenesia, Gynandria. . , . ^ J . . _ , . 
r ( Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, Tetrandria, Pentandria, Hexandria, Octandria, Enneandria, Do* 
lj l candria, Dodecandria, leosandria, Polyandria, Monadelphia, Syngenesia, Gynandria. 
3 Monoecia, Dioecia, Trioecia. 
4 Filices, Musci, Algae, Fungi. 
1 Palmae. 
Some botanists rank these last as a 25th 
class ; but this is improper, as they are all 
capable of being arranged in the preceding 
classes of the system, although on account of 
their singular structure, Linnaeus placed them 
in an appendix. They contain such genera 
as have a spadix and spatha, i. e. whose flow- 
ers and fruit are produced on that particular 
receptacle called a spadix, protruded from a 
common calyx in form of a sheath, called 
spatha. Tliis order consists.of trees and shrubs 
only. These have always a simple stem, not 
branched, bearing leaves at the top, resem- 
bling those of fe.n, being a composition of a 
leaf and a branch, called frondes ; and the 
corolla has always 3 petals. See Plates IV. 
and V. Botany. 
. ' 
Sect. IV. — The genera of plants. 
In investigating the genus of a plant, we 
must first consider its essence. The essence 
of every vegetable, says Linnaeus, con's ists in 
the fructification ; the essence of the fructifi- 
cation in the flower and fruit ; the essence 
of the flower consists in the antherae and 
stigma, and the essence of the fruit in the 
seed. Hence he makes the flower and fruit 
the foundation of his generic distinctions. 
These are generally composed of seven 
parts; the calyx, the corolla, the stamina, the 
pistillum, the pericarpium, the semina, and 
the receptaculum ; and the presence or ab- 
sence, the number, figure, proportion, and 
situation, of the several parts, constitute the 
genus. But as there are few genera wherein 
all the parts of the natural character are con- 
stant in every one of the species, it is neces- 
sary to fix upon such circumstances as are 
constant in both genus and species, and call 
those the essential or ruling character ; both 
to distinguish one genus from another, and to 
fix the several species and their varieties to 
their respective genera ; for which purpose, 
in some cases, Linnaeus was obliged to have 
recourse to the nectarium. The first four 
parts of the fructification are properly parts 
of the flower, and the last three of the fruit. 
I. The calyx, or cup, is the termination of 
the outer bark of a plant. Its chief use is 
to inclose, support, and protect, the other 
parts of the fructification. When present, it 
is seated on the receptacle: and is distin- 
guished by its figure ; by the number, division, 
and shape of its leaves, or segments ; and by 
tlie following names, according to the circum- 
stances with which it is attended. 
1. Perianthium, when its station is close 
to, and surrounds, the other parts of the fruc- 
tification, is called the perianthium of the 
fructification: if it includes many tioscules, 
as in scabiosa, and other aggregate and com- 
pound flowers, it is called a common peri- 
anthium : if it includes only one floscule, it 
is called a proper perianthium ; if it includes 
the stamina, and not the germen, it is the peri- 
anthium of the flower, and is said to be above, 
as in lonicera, ribes, campanula, &c. ; if it 
includes the germen, but not the stamina, it 
is the perianthium of the fruit, and is said to 
be below, as in linnea and morina, each of 
which have two calyxes and two receptacles 
above each other, one of the flower and the 
other of the fruit. 
2. Involucrum, when stationed at the foot 
of an umbel, below the common receptacle, 
and at a distance from the flower, is called 
universal, if placed under the universal 
umbel ; and partial, if placed under a partial 
umbel. 
3. Amentum, consists of a great number of 
chatty scales, disposed along a slender axis 
or common receptacle, which, from its re- 
semblance to a cat’s tail, has obtained the 
name of catkin ; and these flowers have gene- 
rally no petals : sometimes the same amen- 
tum supports both male and female flowers, 
distinct, on the same plant, as in carpinus, 
&c. sometimes the male and female flowers 
are removed from each other on the same 
plant, and the amentum supports only the 
male flowers, and the female flowers are in- 
closed by a perianthium, as in corylus, fagus, 
&c. and sometimes an amentum only sup- 
ports male flowers on one plant, and female 
flowers on another plant, as in salix, pop ulus, 
