EOU 
BRA 
2G3 ; 
Salvage shall be granted to the lender, his 
agents, &c. who only shall have a right to 
make assuranee-on the money lent ; and no 
borrower of money on bottomry shall re- 
cover more on any assurance than the value 
of his interest on the ship or effects, exclusive 
of the money borrowed. And if the value of 
his interest does not amount to tin; money 
borrowed, he shall be responsible to thei 
lender for the surplus, with lawful interest 
for the same, together with the assurance, 
and all charges whatsoever, &c. notwithstand- 
ing the ship and merchandize shall be totally 
lost. 
BOTTON Y. A cross bottony, in heraldry, 
terminates at each end in three buds, knots, 
or buttons, resembling, in some measure, 
the trefoil ; on which account Segoing, 
hi his Tresor Heraldique, terms it croix 
trefilee. It is the badge of the order of St. 
Maurice. 
BOTTS. See Oestris. 
BOUGIE, in surgery, originally a wax 
taper, but the term is now generally applied 
to several instruments which are 'used by 
surgeons in diseases of the urinary passage. 
See Surgery. 
BOULTINE, a term which workmen use 
j for a moulding, the convexity of which is 
j just one-fourth of a circle ; being the member 
I next below the plinth in the Tuscan and 
Doric capitals. 
BOUNTY, in commerce, a premium paid 
by the government to the exporters of cer- 
tain British commodities, on their taking 
oath, or, in some cases, giving bond, not to 
reland the same in England. 
Bounties, as they respect the fisheries, are 
either perpetual or temporary. The former 
[are payable on the export of pilchards, cod- 
fish, ling whether wet or dried, salmon, 
white herrings, red herrings, and dried red 
sprats, being of British fishery and curing. 
The latter are payable on the tonnage of ships 
[carrying on the British and Greenland fish- 
eries, on the quantity of fish taken in the British 
and Newfoundland fisheries, on the quantities 
of oil, blubber, and whale-fins, taken in the 
southern whale-fishery. The bounty on 
cordage manufactured in Great Britain, is 
2s. Aid, per cwt. Bounties have been granted 
by several statutes on the exportation of corn, 
w hen it does not exceed stipulated prices at 
the port of exportation. Those trades only 
require bounties, in which the merchant is 
obliged to sell his goods for less than they 
cost him ; and the bounty is given to com- 
pensate this loss, and to encourage him to 
continue, or perhaps to commence, a trade 
that may be important to the interests of the 
country. 
Bounty, Queen Anne’s, for augmenting 
poor livings under 50/. per annum, consists 
of the produce of the first-fruits and tenths, 
after the charges and pensions payable out of 
tiie same are defrayed. To remedy the in- 
conveniences that result from an absurd sta- 
tute enforcing the residence of the clergy, 
bystat. 44 Geo. like. 2, the sum of 8000/. was 
; granted out of the consolidated fund to the go- 
vernors of Queen Anne’s bounty, for the re- 
lief of curates deprived of their cures on 
account of the residence of incumbents. 
BOURIGNQNISTS, the name of a sect 
among the Low-country protestants, bein« 
such as follow the doctrine of Antoinette 
Boui ignon, a native of Lisle, and apostate from 
BOW 
j the Roman-catholic religion. The prin- 
ciples of this sect bear a very near resem- 
blance with those of the quietists and quakers. 
BOUTANT, or Arch-boutant, in ar- 
chitecture, a flat arch or part of an arch 
abutting against the reins of a vault, to pre- 
vent its giving way A pillar boutant is a 
large chain or pile of stone, made to support 
i a wall, terrace, or vault. 
BOW, arcus, a weapon of offence made of 
steel, w’ood, horn, or other elastic matter. 
The use of the bow is, without all doubt, of 
the earliest antiquity. . It has likew ise been 
the most universal of all weapons, having ob- 
tained amongst the most barbarous and re- 
mote people, who had the least communica- 
tion with the rest of mankind. The figure 
of the bow is pretty much the same in all 
countries where it has been used; for it lias 
generally two inflections or bendings, be- 
tween w hich, in the place where the arrow is 
drawai, is a right line. The Grecian bow 
was in the shape of a £, of which form we 
meet with many, and generally adorned with 
gold or silver. The Scythian bow was dis- 
tinguished from the bows of Greece and 
other nations by its incurvation, which was so 
great as to form a half-moon or semicircle. 
The Persians had very great bows made of 
reeds, probably the bamboo ; and the Indians 
had also, not only arrows, but bow r s made of 
the reeds or canes of that country ; the Lycian 
bows were made of the com el- tree ; and 
those of the JEthopians, which surpassed all 
others in magnitude, were made of the palm- 
tree. 
Though it do*es not appear that the Ro- 
mans made use of bows in the infancy of their 
republic, yet they afterwards admitted them 
as hostile weapons, and employed auxiliary, 
archers in all their wars. 
In drawing the bow, the primitive Grecians 
did not pull back their hand towards the right 
ear, according to the fashion of modern ages, 
and of the antient Persians, but placing their 
bow directly before them, returned their hand 
upon the right breast. This was also the cus- 
tom of the Amazons. 
The bow is a weapon of offence amongst 
the inhabitants of Asia, Africa, and America, 
at this day and in Europe, before the in- 
vention of fire-arms, a part of the infantry 
were armed with bows. Lewis XI. first abo- 
lished the use of them in France, introducing 
in their place the halberd, pike, and broad 
sword. The long bow was formerly in great 
use in England, and many laws were made 
to encourage it. The parliament under 
Henry VII. complained of the disuse of long 
bows, heretofore the safeguard and defence of 
this kingdom, and tiie dread and terror of its 
enemies. 
Bow, among builders, a beam of wood or 
brass, with three long screws that direct a 
lath of wood or steel to any arch; chiefly 
used in drawing draughts of ships, and pro- 
jections of the sphere ; or wherever it is re- 
quisite to draw large arches. 
Bow of a ship, that part which begins at 
the loof, and compassing the ends of the 
stem, finishes at the sternmost part of the 
forecastle. 
That part upon the’ right-hand side of the 
stem, to a person on deck and looking for- 
ward, is called the starboard bow, and on 
the left-hand side is called the larboard 
bow. 
Bow, weather, is that part of the bow to- 
wards the wind when a ship is close-hauled ; 
and the other part is called the lee-bow. 
Bow, on the, an expression to denote the 
position of any object, as a ship, the land, Ac. 
appearing in the direction of some particular 
part of the bow. If a ship is sailing directly 
towards the object, it is said to be right a- 
head ; if not, the object is said to be on 
the starboard or larboard, or on the weather 
or lee-bow. 
BOWER, in the sea-language, the name 
of an anchor carried at the bow of a ship. 
There are generally two bowers, called lirst 
and second, great and little, or best and small 
bower. 
BOW-LINE, in sea-language, a rope fast- 
ened near the middle of the leech, or per- 
pendicular edge of the principal square sails, 
by three or four subordinate parts called bri- 
dles, and leading forward towards the bow, 
whence it derives its name. It is always used 
when the wind is so unfavourable, that the 
sails must be all braced sideways, or close- 
hauled to the wind : in this situation, the 
bow-lines are employed to keep the weather 
or windward edges of the principal sails right 
forward and steady, without which they would 
be perpetually shivering, and rendered inca- 
pable of service. Tiie bow-line is fastened by 
two, three, or four ropes, like a crow’s foot, 
to as many parts of the sail ; only the mizen- 
bowline is fastened to the lower end of the 
yard. This rope belongs to all sails, except 
the sprit-sail and sprit-topsail. The use of 
the bow-line is to make the sails stand sharp or 
close, or by a wind. 
Sharp the bowline, is hale it tawt, or pull 
it hard. Hale up the bowline, that is, pull it 
harder forward on. Check or ease, or run up 
the bowline, that is, let it be more slack. 
BOV SE, in the sea-language, signifies as 
much as to hale or pull. Thus bowsing upon 
a tack, is haling upon a tack. Bowse away, 
that is, pull away all together. 
BOWSPRIT, or bolt-sprit, a kind of mast, 
resting slopewise on the head of the main stem, 
and having its lower end fastened to the part- 
ners of the fore-mast, and farther supported 
by the fore-stay. It carries the sprit-sail, 
sprit-topsail, and jack-staff; and its length is 
usually the same with that of the fore-mast. 
BOYVYERS, artificers whose employment 
or occupation it is to make bows. There 
is a company of bow vers in the city of Lon- 
don, first incorporated in 1623. 
BOX, or box-tree. See Buxus, 
BO YAU, in fortification, a ditch covered 
with a parapet, which serves as a communica- 
tion between two trenches. I t runs parallel to 
the works of the body of the place, and serves 
as a line of contravallation, not only to hinder 
the sallies of the besieged, but also to secure 
the miners. But when it is a particular cut 
that runs from the trenches to cover some 
spot of ground, it is drawn so as not to be 
enfiladed, or scoured by the shot from the 
town. 
BO YES, idolatrous priests among the sa- 
vages of Florida. 
BRABEJUM, the African almond • a ge- 
nus of the monoecia order, and polygamia 
class of plants. In the male the “corolla 
is four or five-parted ; there are four stamina 
inserted in the throat ; the style is bifid and 
abortive; the hermaphrodite has a four-parted 
corolla, revolute upwards, with four stamina. 
