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BRONCHUS, in anatomy, the lower part 
of the aspera arteria, dividing in bronchia?, 
or branches. In this sense it stands contra- 
distinguished from the larynx. The name 
is frequently extended to the whole aspera 
arteria or trachea. 
BRQNTI/E, thunder-stones, a kind of 
hemispherical stones divided by zones. The 
word is Greek, signifying thunder, in refe- 
rence to the popular tradition, that this 
species of stones fall in thunder-showers. 
BRONZE, a compound metal, composed 
of from 6 to 12 parts of tin combined with 
100 parts of copper. This alloy is heavier 
than copper, and possesses more tenacity ; 
it is more fusible, and less liable to be altered 
by exposure to the air. This composition 
is used for cannon as well as for medals. 
BRONZES, a name given by antiquari- 
ans to figures either of men or beasts, to urns, 
and, in general, to every piece of sculpture 
which the antients made of that metal. We 
likewise give the name of bronzes to statues 
and busts cast of bronze, whether these pieces 
are copies of antiques, or original subjects. 
T he method of casting bronzes is as fol- 
lows : The figure to be cast, must have a 
mould made on itwithm mixture' of one part 
of plaister of Paris, and two parts of brick- 
dust. In the joints little channels should be 
cut from different parts of the internal hol- 
low, tending upwards, to give vent to the air 
which the metal will force out, as it runs into 
the mould. When the mould is made, a 
thin layer of clay should be spread over the 
inside, the same thickness the bronze is in- 
tended to be : then the mould must be clos- 
ed, and the hollow within the layer of clay 
filled with two thirds of brick-dust, and one 
third of plaister mixed with water. This wall 
make the core; and if the figure to be cast 
should be large, strong bars of iron forming 
a skeleton of support for the metal figure 
must be laid in the mould, and round this the 
core must be cast; when this is done, the mould 
must be opened again, and round this the core 
of clay taken out ; the mould and core must 
be thoroughly dried, to prevent any accident 
with the cast. The core is then to be laid 
in the mould, and supported by short bars 
of bronze which run through the mould into 
tlie core. The mould is now to be laid in a 
situation for casting ; a channel must be con- 
tinued sufficiently sloping from the reservoir 
of metal to the mouth of the mould for the li- 
quid bronze to run easily. The form of the 
furnace, and the manner of running the metal 
are the same as those employed in the bell 
foundry. 
BRONZING, the art of varnishing wood, 
plaister, ivory, &c. so as to give them the co- 
lour of bronze. There are two sorts of com- 
position used for this purpose, the red and 
the yellow ; the latter is made of the finest 
copper dust, and to the former is added a 
small quantity of red ochre, well pulverized. 
Both are applied with varnish, and the work 
is dried over a chafing-dish as soon as bronz- 
ed. 
BROOM, in botany. See Spartium, and 
Genista. 
Broom-flower, ordre de lageniste, an 
order instituted by St. Louis, king of France, 
to shew the esteem which he had for the 
queen his wife ; and who, the evening before 
his queen’s coronation, received this order 
himselL 
The collar of this order was a gold chain 
of broom-flowers, interlaced with fleur-de-lis : 
the inscription, “ exaltat humiles,” the found- 
er accounting the broom the symbol of 
humility. 
BRO ST A, in botany, a genus of plants, of 
the order monogynia, and pentandria class. 
The characters are these : the cup is a one- 
leaved perianthium, five segments; the flower 
is monopetalous, of the shape of a truncated 
cone. The fruit is a roundish capsule, di- 
vided into live cells, and opening at the sides, 
discharges a great number of seeds. There 
is one species, a native of South America. 
BROTHERHOOD of God, a Christian 
denomination associated together for restrain - 
ing and abolishing the right and exercise of 
private war. This sect was founded in the 
12th century by a carpenter at Guienne, 
who pretended to have had divine communi- 
cation with Jesus Christ and the Virgin 
Mary. He was received as an inspired mes- 
senger of God. Many prelates and barons 
assembled at Pay, and took an oath, not 
only to make peace with all their own ene- 
mies, but to attack such as refused to lay 
down their arms, and to be reconciled to 
their enemies. 
BROWALLIA, in botany, a genus of 
the angiospermia order, in the didynamia 
class of plants. The essential character is, . 
calyx five-toothed: corolla five cleft, equal 
spreading with the navel closed: anthers, 
two larger: capsule, one-celled. There are 
two species, both annuals, viz. 
1. Browallia demissa, with a single flower 
upon each footstalk. The seeds were sent 
to Mr. Miller, from Panama. The flowers 
are of a light blue colour, sometimes inclin- 
ing to a purple or red ; and there are often 
three colours of flowers on the same plant. 
They flower in July, August, and Septem- 
ber. 
2. Browallia elata, with one or many flow- 
ers on each footstalk, is a native ot Peru. 
The stalk appears somewhat shrubby; the 
footstalks have sometimes one flower, others 
with three, and others with five, of a deep 
violet colour. As both species of browallia 
are annual plants, they must be raised from 
seeds, which are to be sown on a hot-bed ; 
but they may be transplanted in June, into 
the borders of the flower garden; where, if 
the weather proves warm, they will flower 
and perfect seeds ; but lest these should fail, 
there should be a plant or two kept in the 
greenhouse to secure seeds. 
BROWN, among dyers, painters, &c. a 
dusky colour, inclining towards redness. Of 
this colour there are various shades or de- 
grees, distinguished by different appellations ; 
for instance, Spanish-brown, a sad-brown, a 
tawny-brown, the London-brown, a clove- 
brown, &c. 
Spanish-brown is a dark dull red, of a 
horse-flesh colour. It is an earth, and is of 
great use among painters, being generally 
used as the first and priming colour that 
they lay upon any kind of timber-work in 
house-painting. That which is of the deep- 
est colour, and freest from stones, is the best. 
Though this is of a dirty brown colour, yet 
it is not much used to 'colour any garment, 
unless it be an old man’s gown ; but to sha- 
dow vermilion, or to lay upon any dark 
ground behind a picture, or to shadow yel- 
low berries in the darkest places, when lake 
is wanted, &c. It is best and brightest 
when burnt in the fire till it is red-hot, 
although, to colour a hare, horse, dog, or 
the like, it should not be burnt ; but, for 
other uses, it is best when it is burnt, as for 
instance, for colouring wood, posts, bodies 
of trees, or any thing else of wood, or any 
dark ground of a picture. 
The method of dying browns is by plun- 
ging the cloth in a boiling bath of reel wood 
ground and nut-galls bruised ; and when it 
has boiled for two hours and a half, and lias 
been cooled and aired, it is plunged again 
in the same bath, to which a proportionable 
quantity of copperas must first be added. 
The more dull you would have the brown, 
the more copperas must be put in. 
BROWN1STS, in church history, a re- 
ligious sect, which sprung up in England to- 
wards the end of the 16th century. Their 
leader was one Robert Brown, born at North- 
ampton. They separated from the estab- 
lished church, on account of its discipline and 
form of government. They equally disliked 
episcopacy and presbyterianism. They con- 
demned the solemn celebration of marriages 
in churches, maintaining, that matrimony 
being a political contract, the confirmation 
of it ought to proceed from the civil magis- 
trate. They rejected all forms of prayer, 
and held that the Lord’s prayer was not to 
be recited as a prayer; being given only as 
a model, upon which to form our prayers. 
BRUCEA, in botany, a genus of the te- 
trandria order, and dicecia class of plants. 
The essential character is, calyx four-leaved : 
corolla, four-petalled : fem. perri. four one- 
seeded. There is one species, a shrub of 
Abyssinia. It is a simple bitter, leaving in 
the throat something of roughness resembling 
ipecacuanha. 
BRUCHUS, a genus of coleopterous 
insects, with filiform antenna?, equal filiform 
feelers, and acuminated lip. The specie? of 
this genus are in all twenty-five. 
BRUISER, the name of a concave tool 
used for grinding and polishing the specula 
of telescopes. It is made of brass about a 
quarter of an inch thick, and haimfiered as 
near the gauge as possible. It is tinned on 
the convex side, and made equally broad at 
bottom and top. By this instrument the 
speculum is prepared for the hands of the 
polisher. 
BRUNSFELIA, in botany : a genus of 
the monogynia order, and pentandria class of 
plants. The corolla is funnel-shaped, and 
very long ; and the fruit an unilocular poly- 
spermous berry. There are two species. 
Brunsfelia Americana, rises six or eight 
feet high, has a woody branching rough stem, 
with oblong entire leaves on footstalks, and 
large whitish flowers by threes or fours at the 
ends of the branches, succeeded by round 
saffron-coloured soft fruit. It may be raised 
from seeds sown in pots in the spring, and 
plunged in a bark-bed. It may also be pro- 
pagated by cuttings planted in pots in the 
same season, plunging them also in a bark- 
bed or other hot-bed under glasses. Tlie 
plants must always remain in the stove. 2d, 
13. undulate. Both natives of Jamaica. 
BRUNIA, in botany ; a genus of the mo- 
'nogynia order, and pentandria class of plants. 
Tlie flowers are aggregate or clustered ; the 
filaments inserted into the heels of the petals ; 
the stigma is bifid _ the seeds are solitary,. 
