CAL 
C A L 
288 CAL 
weans of a shallow indenture or engraving 
cut in it. 
CALENDS, in Roman antiquity, the first 
day in each month, so called from the Greek 
x#Xsiy, to proclaim: it being customary on 
those days to proclaim the number of holi- 
days in each month. The Roman method 
ot reckoning the days of their months has 
something extremely singular in it: instead 
of computing forwards, in the natural order 
of the numbers 1, 2,3, &c. they reckoned 
backwards, in the manner expressed in the 
following verses: 
Prima clies mensis cujusque est dicta ca- 
lender. : 
Sex Mains, norms, Julius, October, etMars; 
Quatuor at reliqui: habet id us quilibet octo ; 
Inde dies reliq'uos omnes die esse caltndas ; 
Quas retro numerans, dices a mense se- 
quente. 
Hence, to find the day of our month an- 
swering to that of the calends, to the number 
of days in the preceding mouth add two, and 
from this sum subtracting the number of ca- 
lends given, the remainder will be the day of 
our month : thus the fourth of the calends of 
June is found to answer to the 29th of May ; 
and so on in other cases. 
CALEN DULA, in botany, the marigold, 
a genus of the polygamia necessaria order, 
in the syngenesia class of plants, and in the 
natural method ranking under the 49th or- 
der, compositae. The receptacle is naked, 
there is no pappus, the calyx is polyphyllous 
and equal, the seeds of the disk membrana- 
ceous. There are 14 species, none of them 
natives of Europe. The common kind is so 
well known as to need no description ; and 
none of the others merit any, except 
Calendula fruticosa, which in 1759 was 
introduced from the Cape of Good Hope. 
It has a slender shrubby perennial stalk, 
which rises to the height of seven or eight 
feet, but requires support. It may be propa- 
gated by cuttings. 
CALIBER compasses, the name of a par- 
ticular instrument used by gunners for mea- 
ruring the diameters of shot, shells, &c. as 
also the cylinder of cannon, mortars, and 
howitzers. They resemble other compasses, 
except in their legs, which are arched, in or- 
der that the points may touch the extremi- 
ties of the arch. To find the true diameter 
of a circle, they have a quadrant fastened to 
one leg, and passing through the other, mark- 
ed with inches and parts,' to express the dia- 
meter required : the length of each ruler or 
plate is usually between the limits of six 
inches and a foot. On these rulers are a va- 
riety of scales, tables, proportions, &c. such 
as are esteemed useful to be known by gun- 
ners. The following articles are on the com- 
pletest gunner’s-callipers, viz. 1. The mea- 
sure of convex diameters in inches. 2. Of 
concave ditto 3. The weight of iron shot from 
given diameters. 4.Theweightrofiron shot from 
given gun-bores. 5. The degrees of a semi- 
circle, 6. The proportion of troy and avoir- 
dupois weight. 7. The proportion of Eng- 
lish and French feet and pounds. 8. Factors 
used in circular and spherical figures. 9. 
Tables of the specific gravity and weights of 
bodies. 10. Tables of the quantity of pow- 
der necessary for proof and service of brass 
and iron guns. 1 1. Rules for computing the 
number of shot or shells in a finished pile. 
12. Rule concerning the fall of heavy bodies. 
13. Rules for raising of water. 14. Rules for 
firing artillery and mortars. 15. A line of 
inches, I6i Logarithmetic scales of num- 
bers, sines, versed sines, and tangents. 17. A 
sectoral line ot equal parts, or the line of 
lines. IS. A sectoral line of plans and su- 
perficies, 19. A sectoral fine or solids. See 
Plate. 
CALIDUCT, in antiquity, a kind of 
pipes, or canals, disposed along the walls of 
houses and apartments, used by the antients 
for conveying heat to several remote parts of 
the house from one common furnace. 
CALIPH, the supreme ecclesiastical dig- 
nity among the Saracens ; or, as it is other- 
wise defined, a sovereign dignity among the 
Mahometans, vested with absolute authority 
in all matters relating both to religion and 
policy. It signifies in the Arabic, successor 
or vicar : the Saracen princes assumed this 
title as descendants from Mahomet ; the ca- 
liphs bearing the same relation to Mahomet 
that the popes pretend they do to Jesus 
Christ, or St. Peter. It is at this day one of 
the grand signior’s titles, as successor of Ma- 
homet ; and of the sophi of Persia, as suc- 
cessor of Ali . 
CALIXTINS, in church history, a sect 
of Christians, in Bohemia and Moravia : the 
principal point in which they differed from 
the church, was the use of the chalice, or 
communicating in both kinds. It is also a 
name given to those, among the Lutherans, 
who follow the sentiments of George Ca- 
lixtus, a celebrated divine, who opposed the 
opinion of St. Augustine on predestination, 
grace, and free-will. 
CALLA, African, or Ethiopian arum, a 
genus of the polyandria order, in the gynan- 
dria class of plants, and in the natural me- 
thod ranking under the second order, pipe- 
rita:. The spatha is plain ; the spadix co- 
vered with florets ; there is no calyx ; no 
petals ; and the berries are monospermous. 
There are four species, the most beautiful 
of which is the calla TEthiopica. It is a na- 
tive of the Cape, and requires the shelter of 
a greenhouse. It propagates very easily by 
offsets. It resembles the arum, but the 
flower, or rather the spathe, is white. 
CALLICARPA, a genus of the class and 
order tetrandria monogynia. The essential 
character is, calyx four-cleft ; corolla four- 
cleft ; berry four-seeded. 
There are seven species, trees and shrubs, 
of North America and the West Indies. 
CALLICO, a kind of manufacture made 
of cotton. It takes its name from Callicut, 
a city on the coast of Malabar, where it was 
first manufactured. In the East Indies the 
callicoes are all painted by the hand, which 
is performed with great expedition. From 
these we derive our 
Callico -printing, which is the art of 
communicating different colours to particu- 
lar spots or figures on the surface of the 
cloth, while the other' parts retain its origi- 
nal whiteness. This art, or rather that to 
which we have just referred, has been prac- 
tised in India for more than 2000 years. But 
in London callico-printing w r as not intro- 
duced till about the year 1676, since which 
it has been encouraged by several acts of 
parliament. 
This art consists in impregnating those parts 
of the cloth which are to receive a colour, 
with a mordant, and then dyeing it as usual 
11 ' 1 
with some dye-stuff or other. The dye* 
stuff attaches itself firmly only to that 
part of the cloth which has received 
the mordant. The whole surface of the cotton 
is indeed more or less tinged, but by washing, 
and bleaching it for some days on the grass 
with the wrong side uppermost, all the un- 
mordanted parts resume their original colour, 
while those which have received the mordant 
retain it. Suppose that a piece of white cot- 
ton cloth is to receive red stripes ; all the parts 
on which the stripes are to appear are pen- 
cilled over with a solution of acelite of alu- 
mina ; after this, the doth is dyed in the 
usual manner with madder. When taken 
out of the dyeing vessel, it is all of a red co- 
lour, but by washing and bleaching, the mad- 
der leaves every part of the cloth white, ex- 
cept the stripes impregnated with the acetite 
of alumina, which remain red. In the same 
manner may yellow stripes, or any other 
wished-for figure, be given to cloth, by 
substituting quercitron bark, weld, &c. tor 
madder. 
When different colours are to be given to 
different parts of the cloth at the same time, 
it is done by impregnating it with various 
mordants. Thus, if stripes are drawn upon a 
cotton cloth with acetite of alumina, and other 
stripes with acetite of iron, and the cloth af- 
terwards dyed in the usual way with madder, 
and then washed and bleached, it will be 
striped red and brown. The same mordants 
with quercitron bark, give yellow and olive, 
or drab. 
The mordants chiefly employed in callico- 
printing, are acetite ot alumina, and acetite of 
iron. These mordants are applied to the cloth, 
either with a pencil, or by means of blocks, 
on which the pattern, according to which the 
cotton is to be printed, is cut. As they are ap- 
plied only to particular parts of the cloth, care 
must be taken that none of them spread to 
the part of the cloth which is to be left 
white, and that they do not interfere with 
one another when several are applied. 
If these precautions are not attended 
to, all tile elegance and beauty of the 
print must be destroyed. It is necessary, 
therefore, that the mordants should be of 
siich a degree of consistence, that they will 
not spread beyond those parts of the cloth 
on which they are applied. This is done by 
thickening them with flour or starch, when 
they are to be applied by the block: and 
with gum-arabic, when they are to be put 
on by a pencil. The thickening should never 
be greater than is sufficient to prevent the 
spreading of the mordants ; when carried too 
far, the cotton is apt not to he sufficiently sa- 
turated with the mordants; of course the dye 
takes but imperfectly. 
In order that tire parts of the cloth impreg- 
nated with mordants may be distinguished by 
their colour, it is usual to tinge the mordants 
with some colouring matter or other. The 
printers commonly use the decoction of Brazil- 
wood for this purpose ; but Dr. Bancroft has 
objected to this method, because lie thinks 
that tire Brazil-wood colouring matter impedes 
the subsequent process of dyeing. It \s 
certain that the colouring matter of the 
Brazil-wood is displaced, during that opera- 
tion, by the superior affinity of the dye-stuff 
of the mordants. Was it not for this superior 
affinity, the colour would not take at all. 
Dr. Bancroft advises to colour the mordant 
