C A L 
CAL 
CAL 
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situation in which they are replaced by the 
surgeon. See Surgery. 
CALODEND RUM, a genus of the. class 
and order pentandria monogynia. The es- 
sential character is, calyx spreading, five-pe- 
ia'sied ; nuct. five-leaved ; capsule five-celled. 
'There is one species, a native of the Cape. 
CALOGERI,in church history, monks of 
the Greek church, divided into three de- 
grees : the novices, called archari ; the ordi- 
nary professed, called inicrocheini ; and the 
more perfect, called megalochemi: they are 
likewise divided into coenobites, anchorets, 
and recluses. The coenobites are employed 
in reciting their office from midnight to sun- 
set. The anchorets retire from the conver- 
sation of the world, and live in hermitages, 
in the neighbourhood of the monasteries; 
they cultivate a little spot of ground, and 
never go out but on Sundays and holidays to 
perform their devotions at the next monas- 
tery. As for the recluse, they shut them- 
selves up in grottoes and caverns, on the tops 
of mountains, from which they never go out, 
abandoning themselves entirely to Provi- 
dence. They live on the alms sent them by 
the neighbouring monasteries. 
CALOMEL. See Materia Medica. 
CALOPHYLLUM, in botany, a genus 
of the polyandria monogynia class»of plants, 
whose. Corolla consists of four roundish, hol- 
low, patent petals, and is larger than the 
cup ; the fruit is a large globose drupe. 
T here are two species. 
GALOP 1C, a word used to denote that 
substance by which the phenomena of heat 
arc produced. 
Philosophers formerly differed in opinion 
respecting the causes of those phenomena ; 
ancl there were many who considered them 
merely as the effect of the mechanical changes 
of bodies, and some even admitted an active 
principle of cold. At present, however, it is al- 
most unanimously agreed, that these effects are 
produced by a peculiar matter which has re- 
ceived the name of caloric ; and which, in 
general, enables us to explain those appear- 
ances fully, and in a satisfactory manner. 
Caloric is an uneonfinable fluid, highly elas- 
tic, and so very subtle that its gravity has 
not yet been ascertained. It is diffused 
through all natural bodies, with which it is 
more or less combined, according as their 
affinities for it are greater or less. We are 
pot acquainted with any body that does not 
enter into combination with it ; nor any 
from which the utmost endeavours could en- 
tirely separate it:* and caloric, therefore, is 
not to be had in a pure state in nature: 
hence chemists, when mentioning the con- 
stituent parts of bodies, pay no regard to the 
presence of caloric, but consider it as under- 
stood of course. All bodies are combined in 
someway with a certain portion of caloric ; or, 
to express it in other words, the particles of 
every substance are intermixed in a variable 
proportion with the particles of caloric, and 
kept probably apart by them. Hence the 
elementary particles of bodies do not, in 
fact, touch each other; and this is manifest 
from the property which ail bodies possess, 
of being contracted info a leaser volume 
when deprived of heat. See Pyrom eter. 
Caloric, being a substance perfectly elas- 
tic, whose component particles would expand 
ad infinitum if no* impeded, all bodies com- 
bined. with them, ought likewise to expand ad 
infinitum, if there existed no power which 
acted in direct opposition to its elasticity. 
This power is the mutual attraction of the 
particles, or cohesion. All material bodies, 
therefore, are continually acted upon by two 
powers, which tend more or less to equipoise 
each other ; one causes the particles of bo- 
dies to recede from each other, and by the 
other they tend to approximate. 
The proportion of each of these powers 
determines the exterior form of bodies. If 
cohesion predominates, then the bodies are 
solid ; but if this power be overcome, then 
the particles are further removed, and their 
volume is proportionally increased. Finally, 
if caloric predominates to such a degree that 
the particles of bodies are placed out of the 
sphere of their reciprocal attraction, they 
lose their aggregation, and appear no longer 
in the form of solids, but become liquid or 
gaseous. 
But if there existed no other power but 
the two already mentioned, bodies would 
not remain liquid ; for, on increasing the 
heat, they would immediately pass from the 
solid to tiie aeriform, or gaseous state. But 
there is a third power, which, by acting at the 
same time, preserves them in an interme- 
diate or liquid state. This power is the pres- 
sure of the atmosphere, without which there 
would be no liquid in nature, for all bodies 
would be either solid or aeriform. Hence 
all bodies, from their combination with calo- 
ric, may exist in three different states, which 
result from, 1. 'The power of attraction by 
which bodies cohere. 2. T he quantity of 
caloric with w hich the substance is combined. 
3. The greater or less pressure of the at- 
mosphere. 
T he means by which a solid body may be 
changed into a liquid are, therefore : 1 . A 
combination with a new and sufficient quan- 
tity of caloric, and 2. An union with another 
body already liquid. The operation by 
which a body is rendered liquid, according 
to the first method, is termed fusion, the 
theory of which is clear from what has been 
advanced. In the second case, a body be- 
comes liquid, if the quantity of caloric, in the 
liquid body added, be sufficient to remove 
the elementary particles of the new com- 
pound, to such a distance as will enable them 
to move freely in all directions. 
A liquid body is rendered solid, 1. By the 
loss of a portion of its caloric. 2. By com- 
bining it with -another solid body. In the 
former case, a body parts with that por- 
tion of caloric whereby it overcame (lie 
repelling force of the molecules, which 
now approach nearer to each other ; so that 
they are again acted upon by cohesion. 
This change of bodies is termed congelation. 
In the latter ease, the compound body be- 
comes solid, if the caloric, present in the li- 
quid, be not sufficient to prevent the" attrac- 
tion of the constituent particles of the new 
body, so as to cause it to be acted upon by 
cohesion. 
A liquid is changed into the state of gas, 
1 . By being combined with a quantity of ca- 
loric sufficient to equipoise the pressure of 
the atmosphere. 2. If the pressure of the 
atmosphere is either sufficiently diminished, 
or totally removed. 
A gas becomes liquid, 1. By the loss of 
that superabundant portion of caloric which 
resisted tlie pressure of the atmosphere. 2. 
By sufficiently increasing that pressure. 
Hence, in every elastic fluid, two principal 
objects are to be considered : first, the ca- 
loric which gives its exterior form, viz. that 
of gas. Secondly, the body dissolved by the 
caloric, and by which the peculiar chemical 
properties of the gas are determined. This 
latter is generally termed the base, which we 
must be cautious not to confound with the gas 
itself. 
Caloric continually tends to form an equi- 
librium. Hence it is, that, if two bodies of 
the same nature (for instance, two pieces of 
the same metal) be unequally heated, or im- 
bued with different portions of caloric, and 
brought into contact with each other, the ca- 
loric equally diffuses itself throughout the 
two bodies ; and the quantities of caloric, 
in each body, will bear the same proportion 
to each other as the masses themselves. But, 
supposing the two bodies to be of a different 
kind, in that case, though the caloric would 
also form an equilibrium, and each body 
would indicate the same temperature to the 
thermometer, v et the proportions of caloric 
in eacli body, will not be as the masses, but 
will vary according as the bodies differ. T his 
property ofbodies, to require different quan- 
tities of caloric to indicate the same tempe- 
rature to the thermometer, was termed by 
Dr. Black, the capacity of a body for heat ; 
but the quantity of caloric itself he Called spe- 
cific heat. The cause of this -phenomenon 
arises from the different degrees of affinity 
which different bodies possess for caloric, 
and from which the capacities, and various 
points of saturation, of different bodies may 
be estimated. 
When any body is in equilibrio with the 
bodies which surround it, with respect to its 
caloric, that quantity which it contains is not 
perceptible by any external sign or organ of 
sense, and is termed combined caloric, or, 
according to Black, latent heat. But, if the 
latent heat, from any cause, is forced, in 
some degree, to quit a body, and to com- 
bine with those that surround it, then such 
caloric is said to be free or sensible until the 
equilibrium is restored. 
It is this caloric in a free state which acts 
upon our organs, and excites that sensation 
which we term warmth ; and it is this alone 
which we can ascertain by the thermometer. 
T he temperature of a body is, therefore, the 
termination of the rarefaction of the mercury, 
at the instant when its caloric has established 
an equilibrium with that of the body. 
The equilibrium of calorie is destroyed by 
the following causes : 1. A change of the ca- 
pacities in bodies by chemical analysis or 
synthesis. 2. External mechanical pressure. 
As to the former, the reason of the se- 
paration or addition of caloric is to be sought 
for from the general laws of chemical compo- 
sition, viz. that a compound body pos- 
sesses properties different from its constituent 
parts. Hence the capacity of the compound 
body is not always a mean between the sum of 
the capacities o"t its constituent parts, but is 
oftentimes greater or less ; and, on account of 
this greater or less capacity of a compound 
body, caloric, at the moment the constituent 
parts unite, is either expelled or attracted 
from surrounding bodies. In the former 
case, the temperature of the surrounding bo- 
dies is increased-, in the latter it is diminished. 
When a body, whose temperature has been 
