CAM 
C A M 
lobes not reaching through the whole length i 
of the foot, and the extremity of each lobe 
is guarded by a small hoof ; the under part 
of the foot is covered with an extremely 
strong, tough, and pliable skin, which, by 
yielding in all directions, enables the animal 
to travel with peculiar ease and security over 
dry, stony, and sandy regions. On each leg 
are six callosities. On the lower part of the 
breast is also a large callus or tough tubercle, 
[which is gradually increased by the constant 
[habit which the animal has of resting upon it 
[in lying down. It is distinguished from the 
[succeeding species by having a single large 
bunch on the back. 
The general colour of the camel is an uni- 
form dusky brown, more or less tinged with 
ferruginous. Its hair is line and soft, and 
[serves for the basis of several kinds of stuffs. 
There are several varieties of this animal, 
differing in size, strength, &c. analogous to 
the different breeds of horses, 
r 2. C. Bactrianus, Bactrian camel, in its ge- 
neral appearance so much resembles the 
Arabian, that it might rather seem a perma- 
nent variety of that animal than a distinct spe- 
cies ; differing only in being somewhat larger, 
and in having two bunches on the back in- 
stead of one. It is said to be found wild in 
the northern parts of India, and in the de- 
serts bordering on China, and is more esteem- 
ed for swiftness than tire Arabian camel. See 
j Plate Nat. llist. fig.. 73. 
In Arabia 4t is kept chiefly for the use of 
| the great, being not a native of that country, 
;but imported from India, &c. Of this ani- 
jmal, as well as of the Arabian camel, there 
j are several races or varieties, differing, like 
tliose of horses, in strength, size, swiftness, 
land elegance of form. A breed of peculiar 
swiftness is said to be reared in China, and to 
be distinguished by the expressive title of 
Jong kyofo, or camels with feet of wind. A 
[white variety occurs in some parts of Siberia ; 
and lastly, a hybrid or mixed breed is said 
to be occasionally obtained between the Bac- 
trian and the Arabian camel. 
3. Camelus glama. This animal, describ- 
ed by some of the old naturalists under the 
name of ovis Peruviana, or Peruvian sheep, 
! is a native of South America, and is particu- | 
llarly plentiful in Peru, where it inhabits, in a j 
wild state, the highest and coldest parts of ; 
[mountains, feeding in numerous herds, and 
i flying with great rapidity on tiie sight of man- 
kind. It was, however, completely subdued 
and domesticated by the antient Peruvians, 
i being the only beast of burthen known to 
[that people, to whom it answered the same 
l purposes as the camel and dromedary in the 
] eastern regions of the old continent. The 
: general size of the glama is nearly that of a 
j stag ; measuring about four feet and a half 
| in height to the top of the shoulders, and 
j about six feet in length from nose to tail. 
{The neck is a great length ; the head small ; 
| the back slightly elevated, and the whole ani- 
| mal bears some resemblance to a camel on a 
! smaller scale. Its general colour is a light 
ferruginous brown, paler or whitish on the 
under parts; and sometimes it is said to be 
varied or patched with darker and lighter 
shades on different parts, and to have a black 
i stripe running down the back to the beginning 
of the tail. See Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 75. 
The voice of the glama resembles the shrill 
neighing of a horse. When, angry or attack- 
C A M 
ed, it strikes with its feet, and endeavours to 
bite. The glama is said to be able to carry a 
burthen of about a hundred and fifty pounds 
weight, and to travel at the rate of three Ger- 
man miles a day for three or four days toge- 
ther. When resting, it leans on its breast in 
the manner of the camel, which it also re- 
sembles in the faculty of abstaining long 
from drink, sometimes four or five days ; 
and, like that animal, may be supported by' 
very coarse and trifling food. Its flesh is 
said to resemble mutton in flavour. 
4. Camelus vicuna. The vicuna bears d 
general resemblance to the glama ; but is of 
a lighter and more delicate aspect, and of' 
smaller size ; the head is smaller and shorter 
in proportion ; the eyes remarkably large 
and full; the ears somewhat sharper, and tire 
limbs more slender. The hair of this animal 
is of a very soft, wavy, and woolly nature ; 
that on tlie breast is nearly three inches 
long, on the other parts not more than one 
inch ; the end of the tail is furnished, like the 
breast, with long woolly hair. See Plate Nat. 
Hist. fig. 76. 
The vicuna affords the finest wool of any, 
and it is wrought into cloths of most exqui- 
site silky softness and beauty, which are said 
to be too warm for common wear, unless 
made peculiarly thin. 
The, vicuna, as well as the paco or next 
species, is sometimes taken by the Peruvians 
by the simple artifice of tying cojxls, with 
bits of wool or cloth fixed to them at certain 
distances, at three or four feet from the 
ground, across the narrow passes of the 
mountains ; and when the animals have been 
hunted or driven that way, they are so terri- 
fied by the fluttering of the rags, that, instead 
of attempting to pass, they huddle together 
in heaps, and thus afford their pursuers an 
opportunity of killing with their slings as 
many as they please. 
5. Camelus paco. This species is said to 
be entirely confined to Peru, where the na- 
tives keep vast flocks of them for the sake of i 
the wool, of which they prepare cloth of 
silky lustre and softness. Like the vicuna, 
it is found in mountainous districts in large 
herds, but is never observed to associate 
with those animals. It is of a more robust 
make than the vicuna, and is covered with very 
long wool ; which is, in the wild animal, of a 
dull purple colour, resembling that of dried 
rose-leaves, but in the domesticated kind is 
often varied with black, white, and rufous; 
the bellv is white. Like the two preceding 
species, it has sometimes been named the 
Peruvian sheep. Those concretions, known 
by the name of bezoars, are often found in 
the stomach of this as well as of other species. 
6. Camelus huanacus, or the guanaco, is 
a native of Peru, and is found in similar situa- 
tions with tlie glama and the paco. It is the 
largest of all the Peruvian animals of this 
kind, and is said sometimes to grow to the 
size of a horse. Its back is pretty much arch- 
ed ; and it is covered not with wool like the 
other smaller species, but with long smooth 
hair; the head is round, the nose somewhat 
pointed, the ears straight like those of a horse, 
and the tail short and turning upwards. It 
appears to be more nearly allied to the glama 
than to any other species, but is said never 
to associate with that animal. Its general co- 
lour is tawny above and white below. 
2f)3 
7. Camelus" ar near us. Tins species, 
which inhabits Peru and Chili, is described as 
measuring about six feet in length, and about 
four in height. It is covered with woolly 
hair, and in its general appearance is nut 
unlike a ram. The ears are flaccid or pen- 
dulous, the neck and legs long ; the tail like 
that of a sheep, but shorter in proportion : 
the wool is very soft, and the colour of the 
animal is said to vary in different individuals, 
being either brown, black, ash-coloured, or 
white. This animal was employed by the 
antient inhabitants of Chili as a beast of bur- 
then, as well as in ploughing. Its wool was 
also used in the manufacture of a fine silky 
cloth or stuff ; but this is now said to have 
given place to the introduction of European 
wool, as being stronger and more serviceable. 
CAMEO. See Camea. 
CAMERA OBSCURA. See Optics. 
CAMERARIA, in botany, a genus of the 
monogynia order, in the pentandria class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking- 
under the 30th order, contorta*. There are 
two horizontal follicles at the base of the 
seed-case. The seeds are inserted into a 
proper membrane. There are two species, viz. 
1. Cameraria angustifolia, has an irregular 
shrubby stalk, which rises about eight feet. 
The flowers are produced scatteringly at the 
end of the branches, which are shaped like 
those of the latifolia, but smaller. It is a na- 
tive of Jamaica. 
2. Cameraria latifolia, a native of the island 
of Cuba. It rises with a shrubby stalk to 10< 
or 12 feet, dividing into several branches,, 
with roundish-pointed leaves placed opposite. 
| The flowers are produced at the end of the 
branches in loose clusters, which have long 
tubes enlarging gradually upward ; and at the 
top are cut into live segments, broad at their 
base, but ending in sharp points : the flower 
is of a yellowish white colour. 
CAMERLINGO, according to Ducange,. 
signified formerly the pope’s or emperor’s 
treasurer : at present, cameriingo is no where 
used but at Rome, where it denotes the car- 
dinal who governs the ecclesiastical state, and 
administers justice. 
CAMERONIANS, a party of presbyte- 
rians, which sprung up in Scotland in the 
reign of king Charles II. They affirmed 
that the king had forfeited his right to the 
i crown, by breaking the solemn league and 
J covenant, which were the terms on which he 
received it. They pretended both to de- 
throne and excommunicate him, and broke 
out into open rebellion. Upon the Revo- 
lution they were reconciled to the kirk, and 
their preachers submitted to the general as- 
sembly of the church of Scotland in 1690. 
CAMP, in military affairs, is the whole ex- 
tent of ground, in general, occupied by an 
army pitching its tents when in the field, and 
upon which all its baggage and apparatus are 
lodged. It is marked out by the quarter- 
master-general, who allots every regiment its 
ground. The extent of the front of a regiment 
of infantry is 200 yards, including the two 
battalion guns, and depth 320, when the re- 
giment contains 9 companies, each of 1 00 
private men, and the companies’ tents in two> 
rows; but when the companies’ tents stand in 
one row, and but 70 private men to each row,, 
the front is then but 155 yards. A squadron 
