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of horse has 120 yards in front, and 100 for 
an interval between each regiment. 
The nature of the ground must also be 
consulted, both for defence against the 
enemy, and for supplies to the army. It 
should have a communication with the 
army’s garrisons ; and have plenty of water, 
forage, fuel ; and either rivers, marshes, hills, 
or woods, to cover it. An army always en- 
camps fronting the enemy, and generally in 
two parallel lines, besides a corps de reserve, 
about 500 yards distant from each other ; 
tire horse and dragoons on the wings, and the 
foot in the centre. Each regiment posts a 
subaltern’s guard at 80 yards from the colours 
to the officer's tent, called the quarter-guard, 
besides a corporal’s guard in the rear ; and 
each regiment of horse or dragoons, a small 
guard on foot, called the standard-guard, at 
the same distance. The grand guard of the 
army consists of horse, and is posted about a 
mile distant towards the enemy. 
In a siege, the camp is placed all along the 
line of circumvallation, or rather in the rear of 
■the approaches, out of cannon-shot: the army 
faces the circumvallation, if there is any; that 
■is, the soldiers have the town in their rear. 
One thing very essential in the establishing a 
camp, and which should be particularly at- 
tended to if the enemy is near, is, that there 
should not only be a commodious spot of 
ground at the head of the camp, where the 
’army, in case of surprize, may in a moment 
be under arms, and in condition to repulse 
the enemy ; hut also a convenient field of 
battle at a small distance, and of a sufficient 
extent for them to form advantageously, and 
to move with facility. 
The arrangement of the tents in camp, is 
nearly the same all over Europe ; which is, 
to dispose them in such a manner, that the 
troops may form with safety and expedition. 
To answer this end, the troops are en- 
camped in the same order as that in which 
they are to engage, which is by batta- 
lions and squadrons; hence, the post of 
each battalion and squadron in the line of 
battle, must necessarily be at the head of its 
own encampment. Gustavus Adolphus, 
king of Sweden, was the first who formed 
encampments according to the order of bat- 
tle. By this disposition, the extent of the 
camp from right to left, of each battalion and 
squadron, will be equal to the front of each 
in line of battle ; and consequently, the ex- 
tent from right to left of the whole camp, 
should he equal to the front of the whole 
army when drawn up in line of battle, with 
the same intervals between the several en- 
campments of the battalions and squadrons, 
as are in the line. There is no fixed rule for 
the intervals. The most general method is, an 
interval of 60 feet between each battalion, 
and of 36 feet between each squadron. 
Hence it follows, 1st, That the front line 
of the camp must be in a direction to face the 
enemy ; 2dly, That at the head of the en- 
campment of each battalion and squadron, 
there must be a clear space of ground, on 
which they may form in line of battle ; and, 
3dly, That when the space taken up by the 
army is embarrased with woods, ditches, and 
other obstructions, a communication must be 
opened for the troops to move with ease to 
the assistance of each other. 
The tents for the cavalry, as well as for the 
infantry, are placed in rows perpendicular 
to the principal front of the camp ; and their 
number is conformable to the number of 
troops. The horses of each troop are placed 
in a line parallel to the tents, with their heads 
towards them. The number of tents in each 
row, is regulated by the strength of the troops, 
and the number of troopers allotted to each 
tent is 5 ; it follow's, that a troop of 30 men 
will require six tents, a troop of 60 men 
12 tents, and a troop of 100 men 20 tents. 
The tents of the cavalry are of the same form 
as those of the infantry ; but more spacious, 
the better to contain the fire-arms, accoutre- 
ments, saddles, bridles, boots; &c. 
CAMPAIGN, in the art of war, denotes 
the space of time that an army keeps the 
field, or is encamped, in opposition to quar- 
ters. 
CAMPANIFORM, or campanulated, an 
appellation given to flowers resembling a 
bell ; a characteristic whereon Tournetort 
establishes one of his classes of plants. See 
Botany. 
CAMPANINI, a name given to a mar- 
ble of Italy, dug out of the mountains of Car- 
rara; because, when it is worked, it resounds 
like a hell. 
CAMPANULA, the bell-flower, a genus 
of tiie monogynia order, in the pentandria 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 29th order, campanaceie. 
The corolla is campanulated, with its fundus 
closed up by the valves that support the 
stamina ; the stigma is trifid ; the capsule in- 
ferior, or below the receptacle of the flower, 
opening and emitting the seeds by lateral 
pores. Of this genus there are no fewer 
than 78 species, but the following are the 
most worthy of attention : 
1. Campanula canariensis, with an orach 
leaf and tuberous root, is a native of the Ca- 
nary islands. It has a thick fleshy root of an 
irregular form ; the leaves are of a sea-green, 
and when they first come out are covered 
slightly with an ash-coloured pounce; the 
flowers are the perfect bell-shape, and hang 
downwards ; they are of a flame-colour, 
marked with stripes of a brownish red. 
2. Campanula decurrens, the peach- 
leaved bell-flower, is a native of the northern 
parts of Europe : of this there are some with 
white, and some with blue flowers, and some 
with double flowers of both colours. 
3. Campanula hybrida, or Venus’s looking- 
glass, seldom rises more than six inches ; the 
branches are produced, which are terminated 
by flowers very like the speculum. This was 
formerly cultivated in the gardens ; but 
since the speculum lias been introduced, it 
has almost supplanted this. 
4. Campanula latifolia, or greatest bell- 
flower, has a perennial root, and several 
strong, round, single stalks. The flowers 
come out singly upon short footstalks ; their 
colours are blue, purple, and white. 
5. Campanula medium, the Canterbury 
bell-flower, is a biennial plant, which perishes 
soon after it has ripened its seeds. It is well 
known. 
6. Campanula pyramidalis, has thick tu- 
berous roots ; it sends out strong, smooth, up- 
right stalks, which rise to the height of 4 feet. 
The flowers are produced from the sides of 
the stalks, and are regularly set on for more 
than half their length, forming a sort of py- 
ramid. The most common colour of the 
flowers is blue, -though some are white. 
7. Campanula rapunfulus, the ram pi on, 
has roundish fleshy roots, which are eatable, 
and much cultivated in France for sailads ; 
some years past, it was cultivated in the Eng- 
lish gardens for the same purpose, but is now 
generally n egl eefed . 
8. Campanula speculum, with yellow eye- 
bright leaves, is an annual plant with slender 
stalks rising a foot ; from the wings of the 
leaves come out the flowers sitting close to 
the stalks, which are of a beautiful purple in- 
clining to a violet colour. 
9. Campanula trachelium, with nettlei 
leaves, has a perennial root, and stiff hairy < 
stalks : the flowers are blue and white ; some, 
have double flowers. 
CAMPHOR. Thelaurus camphoratus is 
a tree which grows in China, Japan, and se-i 
veral parts of India. 
The wood and roots being boiled with 
water, the camphor rises with the steam, < 
and is condensed (in straw placed in the ca-j 
pital, &c. of the still) in small granular 
crystals, together with another sort, appa-ij 
rently scraped from the cavities of the^ 
wood, and mixed with sand, ashes, &c. and t 
purified by a second sublimation by the i 
English and Dutch chemists. This opera- 
tion is performed in shallow matrasses, tech-1 
nicallv termed bumbelois, on a sand heat, i 
The camphor melts at 360 degrees, boils and] 
sublimes solid and transparent. Its vapour* 
is so heavy, that very little escapes, thoughl 
the mouth is open. It is volatile at ail tem-j 
peratures, and exhales in toto when exposed . \ 
It is crvstallisable either by cooling when; 
melted, by sublimation at* a low heat, or 
from its solvents, at an angle of 60 degrees 
hence it forms figures like those of ice. 
Its solvents are alcohol, acids (especially 
the mineral), essential and fat oils. From all 
solvents but the two latter it is separable i 
unchanged by water. Its specific gravity is) 
0.9887. lienee it just floats on water, buti 
sinks readily in spirits. Small thin cuttings! 
thrown on* clean warm water are affected! 
with a strong rotatory motion till an oily film] 
has oversptead the surface, when it ceases, j 
It is transparent as glass when pure and) 
newly sublimed, and is highly refractive! 
It catches flame very readily, and emits 
a great deal of flame as it burns, but it 
leaves no residuum. It is so inflam m a! 
ble that it continues to burn even on the 
surface of water. When camphor is set onl 
fire in a large glass globe filled with oxygen] 
gas, and containing a little water, it burns 1 
with a very bright flame, and produces a 
great deal of heat. The inner surface of the] 
glass is soon covered with a black powder! 
which has all the properties of charcoal, a 
quantity of carbonic acid gas is evolved, the 
water in the globe acquires a strong smell, i 
and is impregnated with carbonic acid and 
camphoric acid. 
From an useful analysis, M. Bouillon La- 
grange concludes that camphor is composed! 
of volatile oil and charcoal or carbon com-! 
binecl. From his experiments we learn that : 
the ultimate ingredients of camphor are! 
carbon and hydrogen, and that the proportion 
of .carbon is much greater than in oils. 
Camphoric acid is the result of the change* 
produced on camphor by distilling nitric acid! 
several times from it. It crystallises in pa- * 
rallelopipeds, is efflorescent, 'soluble in water, 
and volatile in a strong heat. 
