C A N 
CAN 
CAN 
298 
pierced in the middle, with a hole big enough 
for the cotton to pass through. The cotton 
is introduced into the shaft of the mould by a 
piece of wire being thrust through the aper- 
ture of the hook till it comes out of the neck: 
the other end of the cotton is so fastened as 
to keep it in a perpendicular situation, and in 
the middle of the candle ; the moulds are 
then filled with warm tallow, and left to be 
very cold before they can be drawn out of 
tire pipes. 
Besides these,. there are other candles made 
by tallow-chandlers, intended to burn during 
the night without the necessity of snulling: 
tire wick has keen usually made of split 
rushes ; but lately very small cotton wicks 
have been substituted for the rush: these are 
lighted much easier, are less liable to go out, 
and, owing to the smallness of the cotton, 
they do not require the aid of snuffers. 
To make wax-candles with (lie ladle . — The 
wicks being prepared, a dozen of them are 
tied by the neck, at equal distances, round 
an iron circle, suspended directly over a large 
bason of copper tinned, and full of melted 
wax : a large ladleful of this wax is poured 
gently on the tops of the wicks one after ano- 
ther, and the operation continued till the 
candle arrives at its destined bigness, with 
this precaution, that the first three ladles be 
poured on at the top of the wick ; the fourth 
at the height of the fifth at and the 
sixth at i, in order to give the candle its 
pyramidal form. Then the candles are taken 
down, kept warm, and rolled and smoothed 
upon a walnut-tree table, with a long square 
instrument of box, smooth at the bottom. 
As to the manner of making wax-candles 
by the hand, they begin to soften the wax by 
working it several times in hot water, con- 
tained in a narrow but deep cauldron. A piece 
of the wax is then taken out, and disposed by 
little and little around the wick, which is hung 
on a hook in the wall, by the extremity op- 
posite to the neck ; so that they begin with the 
large end, diminishing still as they descend 
towards the neck. In other respects the me- 
thod is nearly the same as in the former case. 
However, it must be observed, that in the 
former case water is always used to moisten 
the several instruments, to prevent the wax 
from sticking ; and in the latter, oil of olives, 
or lard, for the hands, &c. The cylindrical 
wax-candles are either made as the former; 
with, a ladle, or drawn. Wax-candles, or 
tapers drawn, are so called because they are 
actually drawn in the manner of wife, by 
means of two large rollersof wood turned by a 
handle, which turning backwards and forwards 
several times, pass the wick through melted 
wax contained in a brass bason, and at the 
same time through the holes of an instru- 
ment like that used for drawing wire, fasten- 
ed on one side ot the bason. 
A patent has very lately been obtained for 
making candles with hollow cylindrical wicks 
upon the principle of the Argand lamp. See 
Lamp. 
Tallow-chandlers and wax-chandlers are by 
24 Geo. III. s. 2. c. 41. to take out annual 
licences. They shall not use melting-houses 
without making a. true entry, on paiuot 100/. 
!md are to give notice of making candles to 
the excise-officer for the duties, and of the 
number, &c. or forfeit 50/. 
Candle. Sale -or auction by inch of can- 
die, is when a small piece of caudle being 
lighted, the bystanders are allowed to bid for 
the merchandize that is selling : but the mo- 
ment the candle is out, the commodity is 
adjudged to the last bidder. 
CAN ELLA, in botany, a genus of the 
mcnogynia order, in the dodecandria class ot 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 1 2th order, holoracese. The calyx 
is three-lobed ; the petals are five ; the an- 
thers sixteen, growing to an urceolated or 
bladder-shaped nectarium ; and the fruit is a 
trilocular berry, with two seeds. 1 here is 
but one species, viz. 
Canella alba. It grows usually about 20 
feet high, and 8 or 10 incites in thickness, in 
most of the Bahama islands. The bark is a 
warm stomachic. 
CANDY, or Sugar-candy, a prepara- 
tion of sugar, made by melting and crystal- 
lizing it six or seven times over, to render it 
hard and transparent. See Sugar. 
CANE, e-anna. See Arundo. It is also 
the name of a long measure, which differs 
according to the several countries where it is 
used. 
At Naples, the cane is equal to 7 feet 
inches English measure ; the cane of Thou- 
louse, an'd the upper Languedoc, is equal to 
the varre of Avragon, and contains 5 feet 85- 
inches ; at Montpelier, Provence, Dauphine, 
and the lower Languedoc, to 6 English feet 
5-§ inches. 
CANES renatici, in astronomy, the grey- 
hounds, two new constellations first esta- 
blished by Hevelius, between the tail of the 
Great Bear and Bootes’s arms, above the 
Coma Berenices. The first, viz. that near- 
est the Bear’s tail, is called asterion ; the 
other chara. They comprehend 23 stars, 
two only of which were observed by Tycho. 
In the British catalogue they are 25. 
CANINE teeth, in anatomy, are two 
sharp-edged teeth in each jaw, one on each 
side, placed between the incisores and mo- 
lares. 
CANIS, dog, in zoology, the name of a 
comprehensive genus ot quadrupeds, of the 
order of the fene. The generic character is, 
cutting teeth in the upper jaw six; the la- 
teral ones longer, distant; the intermediate 
ones lobated. " In the lower jaw six ; the la- 
teral ones lobated. Canine teeth solitary, in- 
curvated. Grinders six or seven (or more 
than in other genera of this order). There 
are 24 species. 
1st. Canis familiaris, or common dog. The 
real origin of this species is in a state of un- 
certainty: wild dogs appear to be found in 
great troops in Congo, lower ^Ethiopia, and 
towards the Cape of Good Hope. They are 
said to be red-haired, with slender bodies and 
turned- up tails, like greyhounds. It is also 
added that they vary in colour, have upright 
ears, and are of the general size of a large fox- 
hound. They destroy cattle, and hunt down 
antelopes and many other animals, and com- 
mit great ravages among the sheep of the 
Hottentots. They are very seldom to be 
taken, being extremely swift as well as fierce. 
The young are said to be sometimes ob- 
tained, but grow so fierce as to be rendered 
domestic with great difficulty. 
It is not, however, allowed by modern na- 
turalists that theSe wild dogs constitute the 
true or real species in a state of nature, but 
that they are rather the descendants of dogs 
once domesticated, and which have relapsed 
5 
into a state resembling that of primitive wild- 
ness ; and a theory has for some time pre- 
vailed, that the wolf is in reality the stock or 
original from which the dog has proceeded. 
If, however, the origin of the dog must be 
traced to some other animal, the jackall 
seems a more probable origin than the 
wolf. It is generally believed that the dog 
was unknown in America on the arrival of 
the Europeans. 
That which is supposed by Bufifon to ap- 
proach most nearly to tiie original animal, is 
known by the name of the shepherd’s dog. 
This is distinguished by its upright ears, and 
tail remarkably villose beneath. In the Al- 
pine regions, as well as in some other parts of 
Europe, this dog is much larger and stronger 
than in England. Its principal use is as a 
guard to the flock, which it prevents from 
straggling, and defends from all. attacks. 
l ire dingo, or New Holland dog, ap- 
proaches in appearance to the largest kind of 
shepherd’s dog. l ire ears are short and erect ; 
the tail rather bushy; the hair, which is of a 
reddish dun-colour, is long, thick, and straight. 
This dog is capable of barking, though not so 
readily as the European dogs: it is ex- 
tremely fierce, and has the same sort of 
snarling and howling voice as the larger dogs 
in general. By some it has been erroneously 
said neither to bark nor growl. Those which 
have been brought over to Europe were of a 
savage and untractable disposition. 
The Pomeranian dog is distinguished by 
upright ears, long hair on the head, and an 
extremely curved tail, so as to form almost a 
circle. This clog is generally of a white 
colour. 
The Siberian dog is nearly allied to the 
preceding, and may be subdivided into se- 
veral races, differing as to strength and size. 
The Siberian dogs are principally used in 
that country and in Kamtschatka for draw- 
ing sledges over the frozen snow in winter. 
When yoking to the sledge, they set up a 
dismal yell, which ceases on beginning the 
journey, and then gives place to silent sub- 
tlety, and a perpetual endeavour to weary 
out' the patience of the driver by wayward 
tricks ana contrivances. 
The Iceland dog seems to differ but slightly 
from the preceding kind. It has a shortish 
muzzle, upright ears, with flaccid tips, and is 
covered w ith long roughish hair. Its general 
colour is blackish : the breast, legs, and tip 
of the tail often white. 
The water dog is distinguished by its curly 
hair, like wool. It is remarkable for its great 
attachment to the water, swims with great 
ease, and is used in hunting ducks, and other 
aquatic birds. Its feet are commonly said to 
approach more to a webbed form than those 
of most other dogs. 
The great water spaniel is also distinguished 
in a similar manner by its curled hair, and its 
propensity to the water. There is a smaller 
variety of the water dog, called the little 
barbel, which, in general appearance, ex- 
tremely resembles the larger. 
The" Newfoundland dog is of a very large 
size, and from its strength and docility, is one 
of those which are best calculated for the se- 
curity of a house. This animal is remarkably 
fond of plunging into the .water. See Plate 
Nat. Hist. tig. 85. 
King Charles’s dog is one of the most ele- 
gant varieties of the dog, and it is recorded 
