306 
C A R 
CAR 
of iron, which, together with the hoops, 
when tilled, form a complete globular body. 
When quite finished and cold, the carcass 
most be steeped in melted pitch, and then 
instantly immerged in cold water. Lastly, 
bore three or four holes at top, and fill the 
same with trrse composition, covering the 
holes with pitch until used. Carcasses are 
thrown out of mortars, and weigh from 50 
to 2301b. according to the size of the mor- 
tars they are to be thrown out of. There 
arc other carcasses for the sea-service, which 
differ from a shell only in the composition, 
and in the four holes from which they burn 
when fired. 
Carcasses were first used by the bishop 
of Munster, at the siege of Groll in 1672, 
where the duke of Luxemburg commanded. 
CARCERES, in the antient circensian 
games, were inclosures in the circus, in 
which the horses were restrained till the signal 
was given for starting, when, by an admi- 
rable contrivance, they all at once flew 
open. 
CARD, among artificers, an instrument 
consisting of a block of wood, beset with 
sharp teeth, serving to arrange the hairs of 
wool, flax, hemp, and the like: there are 
different kinds of them, as hand-cards, stock- 
cards, &c. 
Cards, among gamesters, little pieces of 
line thin pasteboard of an oblong figure, of 
several sizes, but most commonly in Eng- 
land 3-§ inches long, and 2% broad, on 
which are painted several points and figures. 
‘I he moulds and blocks for making cards, 
are exactly like those that were used for the 
first books : they lay a sheet of wet or moist 
paper on the block, which is first slightly 
done over with a sort of ink made with lamp- 
black diluted in water, and mixed with some 
starch to give it a body. They afterwards 
rub it off with around list. The court-cards 
are coloured by means of several patterns, 
stiled stane-files. These consist of papers 
cut through with a pen-knife, and in these 
apertures, they apply severally the various 
colours, as red, black, &c. These patterns 
are painted with oil-colours, that the brushes 
may not wear them out ; and when the pat- 
tern is laid on the pasteboard, they slightly 
pass over it a brushful of colour, which, 
leaving it within the openings, forms the face 
or ligtire of the card. 
CARDAMINE, lady’s smock; a genus 
of the siliquosa order, in the tetradynamia 
class of plants ; and in the natural method 
ranking under the 39th order, siliquosa. The 
siliqua parts asunder with a spring, and the 
valves roll spirally backward ; the stigma is 
entire, and the calyx a little gaping. Of this 
there are 18 species ; but the most remark- 
able is the 
Cardamine pratensis, with a large purplish 
flower. It grows naturally in many parts of 
Britain, and is also called cuckow-flower. 
There are four varieties, viz. the single, with 
purple and white flowers, which are frequent- 
ly intermixed in the meadows; and the 
double of both colours. The single sorts are 
not admitted into gardens, but the double 
deserve a place, as making a pretty appear- 
ance during the time they are in flower. 
CARDAMOM, see Amomum and Ma- 
teria Medica. 
CARDL.A, or Cardium, in natural his- 
tory, a genus of the vermes testaceas, or shell- 
lish, the shell of which is formed of two 
ovals, and resembles the figure of a heart at 
cards : the valves are equal and gibbose. 
Of this genus there are 21 species, some 
nearly globose, others of a triangular figure, 
and others irregularly oblong. Under this 
genus are comprehended the cockles, ark- 
shells, &c. together with tire pectini inau- 
riti, or scallops without ears, as. they are cal- 
led. 
CARDIAC, an appellation given to such 
medicines as preserve or increase the strength 
of the heart, and by that means the vital 
forces, though they do not immediately operate 
upon the heart, nor are particularly appro- 
priated to the corroboration of that part. 
See Materia Medica. 
CARDIALGIA, the heartburn, in me- 
dicine, a disorder of the stomach attended 
with anxiety, a nausea, and often a reaching 
or actual vomiting. See Medicine. 
CARDINAL, an ecclesiastical prince in 
the Romish church, being one who has a 
voice in the conclave at the election of a 
pope. The cardinals were originally nothing 
more than deacons, to whom was entrusted 
the care of distributing the alms to the poor 
of the several quarters of Rome; and as they 
held assemblies of the poor in certain 
churches of their several districts, they took 
the title of these churches. They began to 
be called cardinals in the year 300, during 
the pontificate of St. Sylvester, by which 
appellation were meant the chief priests of a 
parish, and next in dignity to a bishop. This 
office grew more considerable afterwards, 
and by small degrees arrived at its present 
state. 
'The cardinals compose the pope’s council, 
and till the time of Urban VIII. were styled 
most illustrious ; but by a decree of that 
pope in 1630, they had the title of eminence 
conferred upon them. At the creation of a 
new cardinal, the pope performs the cere- 
mony of shutting and opening his mouth, 
which is done in a private consistory. The 
shutting his mouth, implies the depriving 
him of the liberty of giving his opinion in 
congregations ; and the opening his mouth, 
which is performed fifteen days after, signi- 
fies the taking off this restraint. However, 
if the pope happens to die during the time 
a cardinal’s mouth is shut, he can neither 
give his voice in the election of a new pope, 
nor be himself advanced to that dignity. 
The cardinals are divided into six classes 
or orders, consisting of six bishops, fifty 
priests, and fourteen deacons,, making in all 
seventy ; which constitute the sacred college. 
The number of cardinal bishops lias very 
seldom been changed, but that of priests and 
deacons has varied at different times. The 
privileges of the cardinals are very great : 
they have an absolute power in the church 
during the vacancy of the holy see: they 
have a right to elect the new pope, and are 
the only persons on whom the choice can 
fall : most of the grand offices in the court 
of Rome, are filled by cardinals. The dress 
of a cardinal is a red soutanne, a rochet, a 
short purple mantle, and the red hat. When 
they are sent to the courts of princes, it is 
in quality of legates a latere ; and when they 
are appointed governors of towns, their go- 
vernment is called by the name of legation. 
CARDIOID, in the higher geometry, an 
C A It 
algebraical curve so called from its resem- 
blance to a heart. 
The Cardioid is thus generated. APB, 
Plate Miscell. fig. 11. is a circle and A B its 
diameter. Through one .extremity- A of the 
diameter draw a number of lines A P Q, 
cutting the circle in P ; upon these set off 
always P Q equal to the diameter A B ; so shall 
the points Q be always in the curve of the 
cardioid. 
From this generation of the curve its chief 
properties are evident, viz. that, 
every where PQ = AB, 
CQ, or QQ is A a or 2 AB„ 
AQ = AB^AP. 
P always bisects QQ.. 
'Llie cardioid is an algebraical curve, and . 
the equation expressing its nature is thus; . 
Put a — AB the diameter, 
z = a!) perp. AB, 
y — DQ perp. AD ; then is 
t ~ + 2zV — Qazhj -f z 4 > 
-f 12« 2 // 2 — 8 a)/ -f- 3« 2 z 2 j ~ u *' 
which is the equation of the curve. 
Many properties of the cardioid may be 
seen in the Philosphical Transactions, 1741 
CARDIOSPERMUM, heart pea, a ge- 
nus of the trigynia order, in the octandria, 
class of plants, and in the natural method , 
ranking under the 39th order, trihilatse. The 
calyx is tetraphyllous ; the petals four ; the 
nectarium tetraphyllous and unequal; the 1 
capsules three, grown together, and inflated.. 
There are three species, natives of the East 
and West Indies. 
CARDUUS, the thistle, a genus of the 
polygamia axpialis order, in the syngenesia 
class of plants, and in the natural method, 
ranking under the 4Qth order, . composite. 
The calyx is ovate, imbricated with prickly, 
scales, and the receptacle hairy. Of this 
genus there are 51 species, ten of which are- 
natives of Britain ; and being troublesome 
weeds, they require no description. Some 
of the exotics are propagated in gardens for 
the sake of variety. 
Carduus benedictus . See Centauria 
and Materia Medica; 
CAREENING, in the sea language, the 
bringing a ship to lie down on one side, in 
order to trim and caulk the other, side. A 
ship is said to be brought to the, -careen when 
the most of her lading being? taken out, she 
is hauled down on one side by a small vessel 
as low as necessary; and there kept by the 
weight of the ballast, ordnance, &o. as well 
as by ropes, lest her masts should be strain- 
ed too much ; in order that her sides and 
bottom may be trimmed, seams caulked, or 
any thing that is faulty under water mended. 
Hence when a ship lies on one side when she 
sails, she is said to sail on the careen. 
CAR EX, the sedge, .a genus of the mo- 
noecia triandria class and order of plants, and 
in the natural method ranking under the 3d 
order, calamarke. The characters are : the 
male flowers are digested into a long spike ; 
the calyx is an oblong and imbricated amen- 
tum, consisting of acute, hollow, and lan- < 
ceolated scales, each containing one flower; 
there is no corolla ; tiie stamina are three * 
erect setaceous filaments of the length of the 
calyx ; the anther® are oblong and erect. 
In the female flowers the calyx is the same 
as in the male ; there are no petals, but there 
is an inflated oblong nectarium ; the germen 
is triangular, and is placed within the nee- 
