C A I'l 
CAR 
tarium ; the style is very short ; the stigmata 
are two or three; long, crooked, pointed, 
and hoary. The nectarium grows larger 
when the dower is fallen, and contains the 
seed ; which is single, of an acute ovated 
form, triangular, and has one ot its angles 
usually much smaller than the others. There 
are 97 species. The common sedge may 
serve as an example for all. 
CARICA, the papaw, a genus of the de- 
candria order, belonging to the dioecia class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 38th order, tricoccax The calyx 
of the male, almost none; the corolla is quin- 
quefid and funnel-shaped; the filaments in 
the tube of the corolla, a longer and a shorter 
one alternately. The calyx of the female 
quinquedentated ; the corolla is pentapeta- 
lous; with five stigmata ; the fruit an unilo- 
cular and polyspermous berry. 
1. Carica papaya rises with a thick, soft, 
herbaceous stem, to the height of 18 or 20 
feet, naked till within two or three feet of the 
top. The leaves come out on every side, 
upon very long footstalks ; in full-grown plants 
they are Very large, and divided into many 
lobes deeply sinuated. 1 he flowers of the 
male plant are of a pure white, and have an 
agreeable odour. The flowers of the female 
papaya are large, bell-shaped, composed of 
six petals, and commonly yellow: when 
these fall away, the germen swells to a 
fleshy fruit, of the size of a small melon. 
These fruits are of different forms : some an- 
gular, and compressed at both ends; other’s 
oval or globular, and some pyramidal. The 
fruit, and all the other parts of the tree, 
abound with a milky acrid juice, which is ap- 
plied for killing of ringworms. When the 
roundish fruit are nearly ripe, the inhabitants 
of India boil and eat them with their meat as 
we do turnips. They have somewhat the 
flavour of a pompion. But they mostly 
pickle the long fruit, and thus they make no 
bad succedaneum for mango. r l he buds ot 
the female flowers are gathered, and made 
into a sweetmeat; and the inhabitants are 
such good managers of the produce of (he 
tree, that they boil the shells of the ripe fruit 
into a repast, and the insides are eaten with 
sugar and pepper, like melons. M he stem 
being hollow , lias given birth to a proverb in 
the West India islands, where, in speaking of 
a dissembling person, they say he is as hollow 
as a papaw. 
2. Carica prosoposa, differs from the other 
in having a branching stalk, the lobes of the 
leaves entire, the flower of a rose colour, and 
the fruit shaped like a pear, and of a sweeter 
flavour than the papaya. Both species being- 
natives of hot countries, they cannot be pre- 
served in Britain unless constantly kept in 
a warm stove. They are easily propagated 
by seeds, which are annually brought in 
plenty from the West Indies, though the 
seeds of the European plants ripen well. 
CARINA, in architecture, a name given 
by the Romans to all buildings in the form 
of a ship (from carina, the keel ot a ship) ; as 
we still apply the word nave from navis, a 
ship, to the middle or principal vault of our 
churches, because it has that figure. 
CarinA, in anatomy, a term used Tor the 
fibrous rudiments, or embryo of a chick, ap- 
pearing in an incubated egg. 
The carina consists of the intire vertebra*, 
CAR 
as they appear after ten or twelve days in- 
cubation. 
CARISSA, in botany; a genus of the mo- 
nogynia order, in the pentandria class of 
plants; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 30th order, contorts. It has two 
berries, many-seeded. There are two spe- 
cies, trees ot Africa. 
CARLIN A, the carline thistle : a genus 
of the polygamia squalis order, in the synge- 
nesia class of plants ; and in the natural me- 
thod ranking under the 49th order, com po- 
sits. The calyx is radiated with long co- 
loured marginal scales. There are nine spe- 
cies; but the carlina vulgaris is the only one 
that is a native of Britain. All the others are 
natives of the south of France or Italy, and 
are very easily propagated in this country 
by seeds. The roots are used in medicine, 
and for that purpose are imported. As we 
receive them they are about an inch thick, 
externally of a rusty brown colour, corroded 
as it were on the surface, and perforated with 
numerous small holes, appearing as if worm- 
eaten. They have a strong smell, and a sub- 
acrid, bitterish, weakly aromatic taste. They 
are reckoned warm alexipharmics and dia- 
phoretics. 
CARLINE, or Caroline, a silver coin 
current in the Neapolitan dominions, and 
worth about fourpence of our money. 
CARLINGS, or Carlines, in a ship, two 
pieces of timber lying fore and aft, along 
from beam to beam, whereon the ledges rest 
on which the planks of the ship are fastened. 
CARLOCK, in commerce, a sort of isin- 
glass made with the sturgeon’s bladder, im- 
ported from Archangel. The chief use of 
it is for clarifying wine; but it is also used by 
dvers. 
"CARMELITES, or White-friars, are 
an order of Our Lady of mount Carmel, mak- 
ing one of the four orders of mendicants. 
They pretend to derive their origin from 
the prophets Elijah and Elisha. Their ori- 
ginal rules contained sixteen articles, one of 
which confined them to their cells, and en- 
joined them to employ themselves day and 
night in prayer; another prohibited the bre- 
thren having any property ; another enjoined 
fasting, from the feast of the exaltation of the 
holy cross till Easter, excepting on Sundays ; 
abstinence at all times from flesh was enjoin- 
ed by another article : one obliged them to 
manual labour; another imposed a strict si- 
lence on them from vespers till the tierce 
the next day. However, these constitutions 
have been in some respects altered. 
CARMINATIVES, in pharmacy, medi- 
cines used in colics, or other flatulent disor- 
ders, to dispel the wind. See Materia Me- 
DICA. 
CARMINE, a powder of a very beautiful 
red colour, bordering upon purple, and used 
by painters in miniature, though but rarely 
because of its great price. The mode of 
preparing this colour is kept from the public. 
The receipts which have been from time to 
time published concerning the preparation of 
this and other colours, have been rarely 
found to succeed in practice. It is said to be 
extracted from cochineal by means of water, 
wherein chouan and antour have been in- 
fused ; some add roeou, but this gives it too 
much of the opal cast. Others make carmine 
with brasil-wood, fernambouc, and leaf-gold, 
Qq2 
307 
beaten in a mortar, and steeped in white-w ine 
vinegar; the scum arising from this mix- 
ture, upon boiling, when dried, makes car- 
mine; but this kind is vastly inferior to the 
former. There is another carmine, made 
of Brasil-wood and fernambouc, by a different 
preparation. 
CARNEDDE, in British antiquity, de- 
notes heaps of stones supposed to be drui- 
dical remains, and thrown together on some 
important occasions. They are very common 
in the isle of Anglesey, and were also used as 
sepulchral monuments, in tire manner of tu- 
muli. Hence it is inferred, that the antient 
Britons had the custom of throwing stones on 
the deceased. From this custom is derived 
the Welsh proverb, karn ardjbcii ; “ 111 be- 
tide thee.” 
CARNEL, among ship -carpenters. The 
building of ships, first with their timbers and 
beams, and after bringing on their planks, is 
called camel-work, to distinguish it from 
clinch-work. 
CARN ELIAN, sarda, in natural history, 
a precious stone, of which there are three> 
kinds, distinguished by three colours, a red, 
a yellow, and a white. Authors have attri- 
buted medicinal virtues to this stone, mean- 
ing the red carnelian ; this, therefore, is to be. 
understood as the sarda, or carnelian of the 
shops. It is very well known among us ; and 
is found in roundish or oval masses, much 
like our common pebbles ; and is generally 
met with between an inch and two or three 
inches in diameter. It is of a fine, compact, 
and close texture, of a glossy surface ; and 
in the several specimens is of all the degrees 
of red, from the palest flesh-colour to the 
deepest blood-red. It is generally free from 
spots, clouds, or variegations: but sometimes 
it is veined very beautifully with an extremely 
pale red, or with white; the veins forming 
concentric circles, or other less regular 
figures, about a nucleus, in the manner of 
those of agates. The pieces of carnelian 
which arc all of one colour, and perfectly free 
from veins, are those which our jewellers ge- 
nerally make use offer seals, though the va- 
riegated ones are much more beautiful. The 
carnelian is tolerably hard, and capable of a 
very good polish : it is not at all affected by 
acid menstruums',; the fire divests it of a part 
of its colour, and leaves it of a pale red ; and 
a strong and long-continued heat will reduce 
it to a pale dirty grey. T he finest Canadians 
are those of the East Indies; but there are 
very beautiful ones found in the rivers of Sile- 
sia and Bohemia; and we have some not 
despicable in England. 
Though the antients have recommended 
the carnelian as an astringent, and attributed 
a number of fanciful virtues to it, we know 
no other use of the stone than the cutting seal's 
on it, to which purpose it is excellently adapt- 
ed, as being not too hard for cutting, and yet 
hard enough not to be liable to accidents, to 
take a good polish, and to separate easily 
from the wax. 
According to the new arrangement in na- 
tural history, the carnelian is a variety of the 
chalcedony of faro, and is composed of 84 
parts of silica, and 16 of alumine, mixed with 
iron. The name has been given to different 
hard stones, capable of a fine polish, but 
chalcedony forms the basis of the greater 
number. The varieties in their colours, trails- 
