308 
CAR 
parency, &c. have given occasion to their 
r An\TnM U r lt i era great variety of names. 
CARMIY AL, or Carnaval, a time of 
rejoicing, a season of mirth, observed with 
great solemnity by the Italians, particularly 
at v emce, lasting from Twelfth-day till Lent, 
leasts, balls, operas, concerts of music, in- 
trigues, marriages, &c. are chiefly held in 
carnival time. The carnival begins at Ve- 
nice the second holiday in Christmas ; then 
it is they begin to wear masks,- and open 
their playhouses and gaming-houses; the 
i lace of St. Mark is filled with mountebanks, 
pedlars, and such-like mob, who Hock thither 
ii om all parts. 1 here have been no less than 
•even sovereign princes, and thirty thousand 
foreigners here, to partake of these diver- 
sions. 
CARNI\ OROUS, an appellation given 
to animals which 'naturally feed on flesh, and 
thence called beasts or birds of prey. Some 
will have it, that no quadrupeds are natu- 
ially carnivorous but those furnished with 
canine or dog-teeth: on which principle man- 
kind are excluded out of the number of na- 
turally carnivorous animals; and, in fact, 
animal food must undergo various prepara- 
tions before it is fit for the use of man. 
CAROLINE-BOOKS, the name of four 
books, composed by order of Charlemagne, to 
refute the second council of Mice. These 
nooks are couched in very harsh and severe 
terms, containing one hundred and twenty 
heads or accusation against the council of 
Mice, and condemning the worship of images. 
CAROLINEA, a genus of the monadel- 
pliici pol^ cindi'ici clsss cincl order. The os- 
sential character is ; monogyneous, calyx 
simple, tubular, truncate; petal ensiform; 
pome five-grooved, two-celled. There are 
two species, natives of Guiana and Tobago. 
C A R OLOSTAD IANS, in church-history, 
an antient branch of Lutherans, who denied 
tlie real presence in the eucharist. 
. CAROLUS, an antient English broad 
piece of gold, struck under Charles I. Its 
value has of late been at twenty-three shil- 
lings sterling, though at the time it was 
coined, it is said to have been rated at twen- 
ty shillings. 
Carolus, a small copper coin, with a 
little silver mixed with it, struck under 
Charles VIII. of France. The carolus was 
worth twelve deniers when it ceased to be 
current. 
CAROTEEL, in commerce, an uncertain 
weight or quantity of goods. Thus a caroteel 
of cloves is from four to live hundredweight, 
of currants from live to nine, of mace about 
three hundred, of nutmegs from six to seven 
hundred and a half. 
CAROTIDS, ill anatomy, two arteries of 
the neck, which convey the blood from the 
aorta to the brain. See Anatomy. 
CAROXYLON, a genus of the pentan-’ 
riria monogynia class and order : the essen- 
tial character is; corolla five-petalled ; nect. 
five-leaved, converging, inserted into the 
corolla ; seed clothed. There is one species. 
CARPESIUM, a genus of the syngenesia 
polygamia superfiua class and order: the es- 
sential character is ; calyx imbricate ; down 
none ; recept. naked. There are two species. 
CARP. See Cyprinus. 
CAR4LEA, a kind of dance antiently prac- 
tised in Athens and other Grecian states, by 
two persons, the one acting as a labourer, the 
CAR 
other as a robber. The labourer, laying by 
bis arms, goes to ploughing and sowing: the 
robber appears, and the other betakes him- 
self to his arms, and lights in defence of his 
oxein r l he whole was performed to the 
sound of flutes. Sometimes the one was 
victor and sometimes the other, and the re- 
ward was the oxen and plough. The great 
object of this national exercise was to teach 
and accustom the peasants to defend them- 
selves against the attacks of ruffians. 
CARPET, a sort of stuff wrought with the 
needle or on a loom, which is part of the 
furnitbre of a house, and commonly spread 
over tables, or laid upon tiie floor. Persian 
and i urkey carpets are most esteemed ; 
though at Paris there is a manufactory after 
the manner of Persia, where they make them 
little inferioiy not to say finer, than the true 
Persian carpets. r l hey are velvety, and per- 
fectly imitate the carpets which come from 
the Levant. There are also carpets of Ger- 
many, some of w hich are made of woollen 
stuffs, as serges, &c. and called square car- 
pets; others are made of wool also, but 
wrought with the needle, and pretty often 
embellished with silk ; and lastly there are 
carpets made of dog’s hair. We have like- 
wise carpets made in England, which are 
used either as floor-carpets, or to make 
chairs and other household-furniture. 
In weaving carpets the design or pattern 
is traced in its proper colours on cartons, 
tied before the workman, who looks at them 
every moment, because every stitch is mark- 
ed upon them, as it is to be in his work. By 
this means he always knows what colours and 
shades he is to use, and how many stitches 
of the same colour. In this he is assisted 
by squares, into which the whole design is 
divided; each square is subdivided into ten 
vertical lines, corresponding with the par- 
cels of ten threads of the warp ; and besides, 
each square is ruled with ten horizontal lines, 
crossing the vertical lines at right angles. 
r l he workman, having placed his spindles of 
thread near him, begins to work on the first 
horizontal line of one of the squares. 
The lines marked on the carton are not 
traced on the warp, because an iron wire, 
which is longer than the width of a parcel of 
ten threads, supplies the place of a cross 
line. '1 his wire is managed by a crook at 
one end, at the workman’s right hand ; to- 
wards the other end it is flatted into a sort of 
knife, with a back and edge, and grows wider 
to the point. The weaver fixes his iron wire 
horizontally on the warp, by twisting some 
turns of a suitable thread of the woof round 
it, which he passes forward and backward, 
behind a fore thread of the warp, and then 
behind the opposite thread, drawing them in 
their turn by their leishes. Afterwards he 
brings the woof-thread round the wire, in 
order to begin again to thrust it into the 
warp. He continues in this manner to cover 
the iron rod or wire, and to fill up a line to 
the-tenth thread of the warp. lie is at liberty 
either to stop here or to go on with the same 
cross line in the next division, according as 
lie passes the thread of the woof round the 
iron wire, and into the warp, the threads of 
which he causes to cross one another at every 
instant: when he comes to the end of the 
line, he takes care to strike in, or close again 
all the stitches with an iron reed, the teeth 
of which freely enter between the empty 
CAR 
threads of the warp, and which is heavy 
enough to strike in the woot he has used. 
Ibis row of stitches is again closed and level- 
led, and in the same manner the weaver pro- 
ceeds ; then with his left hand he lays a 
srong pair of shears along the finished line, 
cuts oil the loose hairs, and thus forms a row 
oi tufts perfectly even, which, together with 
tliose before and after it, form the shag. 
I bus ‘the workman follows stitch for stitch, 
and colour for colour, the plan of his pattern* 
whieli he is attempting to imitate; and he 
paints magnificently, without having the 
least notion of painting or drawing. 
CARP1NUS, the hornbeam, a genus of 
the polvandria order, in the monoecia class of 
plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 50th order, amentacea?. The calyx 
ot the male is monophyllous and ciliated ; 
there is no corolla, but 20 stamina. The 
calyx ol the female is monophyllous and ci- 
liated; no corolla; two germens, with two 
styles on each. The fruit is an egg-shaped 
nut. r l here are four species, viz. 
I. Carpimis betulus, or common horn- 
beam ; a deciduous tree, native of Europe 
and America. Its leaves are of a darkish 
green, and about the size of those of the 
beech, but more pointed and deeply serrated. 
Its branches are long, flexible, and crooked ; 
yet in their general appearance resemble 
those of the beech. Indeed there is so great 
a likeness between these two trees, especially 
in their shrubby and underwood state, that It 
would be difficult to distinguish them, were 
it not for the glossy varnish with which the 
leaves of the beech are strongly marked. As 
an underwood, it affords stakes and edders, 
fuel and charcoal. Its timber ranks with that 
of the beech and the sycamore; and the inner 
bark is said to be much used in Scandinavia 
to dye yellow. 
2. Carpimis ostrya, the hop hornbeam, a 
native of Italy' and Virginia. 
• 3. Carpimis Virginiana, or 'flowering horn- 
beam. 
4. Carpimis duinensis. 
CARPOCRATIANS, heretics, who 
sprung up towards the middle of the second 
century, being a branch of the antient Gnos- 
tics. They are said to have held a commu- 
nity of wives, and maintained that a man can- 
not arrive at perfection without having pass- 
ed through all criminal actions ; laying down 
as a maxim, that there is no action bad in 
itself, but only from the opinion of men. 
CAR POOL l US, a genus of the pentan- 
dria monogynia class and order: the essential 
character is, calyx five-notched, corolla five- 
petal led ; stigma flat-headed ; berry globular, 
five-celled. There is one species, a native of 
New Zealand. 
CA RPU S, the wrist. See Anatomy. 
CARRARA marble, among artificers, the 
name of a species of white marble, distin- 
guished from the Parian called the statuary 
marble, by being harder and less bright. 
CARRIER. Every person carrying goods 
for hire is deemed a carrier, and as such is 
liable in law for any loss or damage that may 
happen to them whilst in his custody. Wag- 
goners, captains of ships, lightermen, &c. are 
therefore carriers; but a stage-coachman is 
not within the custom as a carrier: neither 
are hackney-coachmen carriers within the 
custom ot the realm, so as to be chargeable 
for the loss of goods, unless they are expressly 
