CAR 
CAR 
CAR 
paid for that purpose, for their undertaking 
is only to carry the person. 
If a person takes hire for carrying goods, 
although he be not a common carrier, he may 
nevertheless be charged upon a special as- 
sumpsit ; lor where hire is taken a promise is 
implied ; and w here goods are delivered to a 
carrier, and he is robbed of them, he shall 
be charged and answer for them on account 
of the hire, and the carrier can be no loser, 
as he may recover against the hundred. 
Goods sent by a carrier cannot be distrained 
for lent ; and any person carrying goods for 
all persons indifferently, is to be defined a 
{-common carrier as far as relates to this pri- 
rvilege. A delivery to a servant is a delivery 
, to the master; and' if goods are delivered to 
a carrier’s porter and lost, an action will lie 
[against the carrier. 1 Salk. 282. 
Where a carrier gives notice by printed 
[proposals that he will not be responsible for 
[certain valuable goods if lost, it more than 
-the value of a sum specified, unless entered 
and paid for as such; and valuable goods of 
that description are delivered to him, by a 
person who knows the conditions, but con- 
cealing the value, pays no more than the or- 
dinary price of carriage and booking ; tire 
carrier is, under such circumstances, neither 
responsible to the sum specified, nor liable 
do repay the sum paid for carriage and book- 
ing. M\ 30. Geo. 111. 1. H. B. 298. 
A carrier who undertakes for hire to carry 
goods, is bound to deliver them at all events, 
unless damaged and destroyed by the act of 
God, or the king’s enemies ; and if any acci- 
dent, however inevitable, happen through 
the intervention of human means, a carrier 
[becomes responsible. 1 T. R. 27. 
CARBONADE, a short kind of ordnance, 
capable of carrying a large ball, and useful in 
close engagements at sea. It has its name 
pom Carron, the place where this kind of 
ordnance was first made. 
CARROT, daucus, in botany. See Dau- 
[cus. 
1 CARRUCA, in antiquity, a splendid kind 
of car, or chariot, highly decorated with 
jgold, silver, ivory, &c. in which the emper- 
ors, senators, and people of high rank, were 
carried. The word was used also in the 
middle ages to signify a plough. Hence 
CARRUCAGE denoted the ploughing of 
ground: either ordinary, as tor grain, hemp, 
flax ; or extraordinary, as for wood, dyers’ 
weed, rape, and the like : and 
CARRUCATE, in oiir antient history de- 
motes as much arable land as can be tilled in 
one year with one plough. In the Dooms- 
Iday inquisition, the arable land is estimated 
[in carrucates, the pasture in hides, and the 
.meadow land in acres. In the reign of 
Richard I. the carracate was estimated at 60 
acres; in the time of Edward I. at 180, and 
jin the 23d of Edward III. it contained f 12 
[acres. 
CARTHAMUS, a genus of the order of 
polygamia aequalis, in the syngenesia class of 
plants, and in the natural method rauking 
under the 49th order, composite. The calyx 
is ovate, imbricated with scales, close below, 
and augmented with subovate l'oliaceous ap- 
pendices at top. Of this genus there are 
10 species ; but the only remarkable one is 
Carthamus tinctorius, with a saffron-co- 
, cured flower, a native of JEgypt and some 
of the warm parts of Asia. It is cultivated 
in many parts of Europe, and in the Levant, 
whence great quantities of it are annually 
imported into Britain for dyeing and paint- 
ing. It is an annual plant, and rises with a 
stiff ligneous stalk, about 2\ or 3 feet in 
height, dividing upwards into many branches, 
with oval pointed leaves sitting close to the 
branches. The [lowers grow single at the 
extremity of each branch; the heads of the 
flowers are large, of a tine saffron colour, and 
are the part used for the purposes abovemen- 
tioned. 
CARTHUSIANS,a religious order, found- 
ed in the year 1080, by one Bruno. Their 
rules are very severe.' They are not to go 
out of their cells, except to church, without 
leave of their superior, nor speak to any per- 
son without leave. They must not keep any 
portion of their meat or drink till next day; 
their beds are of straw, covered with a felt ; 
their clothing two hair-cloths, two cowls, 
two pair of hose, and a cloke, all coarse. In 
the refectory they are to keep their eyes on 
the dish, their hands on the table, their atten- 
tion on the reader, and their hearts fixed on 
God. Women are not allowed to come into 
their churches. 
CARTILAGE, in anatomy, a body ap- 
proaching much to the nature of bones, but 
lubricous, flexible, and elastic. See Ana- 
tomy. 
CARTILAGINOUS fislws, or those with 
cartilaginous fins, constitute a class or order 
of fishes, called by Linnaeus amphibia nantes. 
The terra is applied to all those fish, the 
muscles of which are supported by cartilages, 
or gristles, instead of bones. They unite in 
their formation several leading properties of 
the other tribes. Like the cetaceous, they 
have lungs ; and like the spinous, they have 
gills, and a heart without a partition. Thus 
they possess a twofold manner of breathing ; 
some) hues by their lungs, and sometimes by 
their gills. This double capacity of breath- 
ing in cartilaginous fish is one of the most re- 
markable features in the history of nature, as 
they are thus enabled to unite all the advan- 
tages of which their situation is capable, and 
draw from both elements every aid to 
their necessities or their enjoyment. The 
apertures by which they breathe are variously 
placed. The gills are affixed to these aper- 
tures, but without any bone to open and 
shut them. From the gills are cylindrical 
ducts running to the lungs, and which are 
supposed to convey the air that gives play to 
the organs. This tribe can live longer out 
of tlie water than those whose gills are more 
simple ; they can venture their heads above 
the deep, and continue for hours out of their 
native element. This order includes the shark, 
lamprey, sturgeon, ray, &c. 
CARTON, or Cartoon, in painting, a 
design drawn on strong paper to be after- 
wards calked through, and transferred on the 
fresh plaister of a wall lobe painted in fresco. 
Carton is also used for a design coloured for 
working in mosaic, tapestry, &c. The car- 
tons at Hampton-court are designs of Raphael 
Urbino. They are seven in number, and 
form only a small part of the sacred historical 
designs executed by this artist, while enga- 
ged in the chambers of the Vatican, under the 
auspices of popes Julius II. and Leo X. 
When finished they were sent to Flanders to 
be copied in tapestry, for adorning the ponti- 
309 
fical apartments; the work was not, however, 
sent to Rome till after the death of Raphael. 
The cartons themselves lay long neglected 
after the sacking of Rome in the time of Cle- 
ment VII. ; they were at length discovered 
and purchased by Rubens for Charles I. of 
England. They are held in the highest esti- 
mation by all those who have any preten- 
sions to true taste, for their various and match- 
less merit, particularly with regard to the 
invention, and to the great and noble expres- 
sion of such a variety of characters, counte- 
nances, and attitudes, as they are differently 
affected and properly engaged. 
CAR! OL CHE, in architecture and sculp- 
ture, an ornament representing a scroll of 
paper. It is usually a flat member, with 
wavings, to represent some inscription, de- 
vice, cypher, or ornament of armoury. They 
are in architecture much the same as mo- 
dillions; only these are set under the cornice 
in wainscoting, and those under the cornice 
at the eaves of a house. 
Cartouche, in the military art, a case of 
wood, about three inches thick at the bot- 
tom, girt with marlin, holding about 400 
musket-balls, besides six or eight balls of iron, 
of a pound weight, to be fired out of a hobit, 
for the defence of a pass, See. A cartouche 
is sometimes made of a globular form, and 
filled with a ball of a pound weight; and 
sometimes it is made for the guns, being of 
ball of half or quarter pound weight, accord- 
ing to the nature of the gun, tied in form of a 
bunch of grapes, on a tompion of wood, and 
coated over. These were made in the room 
of partridge-shot. 
CARTRIDGE, in the military art, a case 
of pasteboard or parchment, holding the ex- 
act charge of a fi re-arm . Those for m uskets, 
carabines, and pistols, hold both the powder 
and ball for the charge ; and those of cannon 
and mortars are usually in cases of pasteboard 
or tin, sometimes of wood, half a foot long, 
adapted to the caliber of the piece. 
CARTS. Every cart, &c. for the carriage 
of any thing to and from any place where 
the streets are paved, within the bills of mor- 
tality, shall contain six inches in the felly ; 
and no person shall drive any cart, &c. with- 
in the limits aforesaid, unless the name of 
the owner and number of such cart lie placed 
in some conspicuous part thereof, and his 
name entered with the commissioners of the 
hackney-coaches, under the penalty of 40y. 
and any person may seize and detain such 
cart till the penalty be paid. 18. Geo. II. c. 33. 
And if the driver shall ride upon such cart 
without having a person on foot to guide it, 
lie shall, forfeit 10s. and the owner so guilty 
forfeits 20s. On changing property the 
name of the new owners shall be alfixed, and 
entry shall be made with the commissioners 
of tlie hackney-coaches. The entry of all 
carts driven within five miles of Temple-bar 
is strictly enjoined by tlie 24 Geo. III. s 2 
c. 27. 
CARUM, a genus of the digynia order, in 
the pentandria class of plants, and in tlie na- 
tural method ranking under the 45'h order, 
umbellate. The fruit is ovate, oblong, and 
striated ; the involucrum monophyllous ; the 
petals are carinated or keel-shaped below, 
and emarginated by their inflection. There 
is one spec ies, 
Carum carui, the caraway of the shops, 
grows naturally in many places cf Britain. ‘ It 
