310 
f C A S 
C A R 
is a biennial plant, which visas from seeds one | 
year, flowers the next, and perishes soon 
alter the seeds are ripe. It has a strong aro- 
matic taste, and a taper root like a parsnip, 
but much smaller, which runs deep into the 
ground; sending out many small fibres. From 
the root arises one or two smooth, solid, 
channelled stalks, about two feet high, with 
winged leaves, having long naked footstalks. 
r L lie seed of this plant is one of the greater 
hot seeds, storpachic, carminative, and good 
in the cholic. The officinal preparations of 
it are the seeds candied with sugar, and an 
-oil distilled irom the seed. 
CARUNCULA. See Anatomy. 
CARUNCLES in the urethra. See Sur- 
gery. 
C ALUS, in medicine, a sudden depriva- 
tion or sense and motion, affecting the whole 
body. See Medicine. 
CART ATIDES, or Cariates, in archi- 
tecture, a kind or order of columns or pi- 
lasters under the figure of women dressed in 
long robes, after the manner of the Carian 
people, and serving instead of columns to 
support the entablement. 
CARYOCAR, in botany, a genus of the 
Tetragynia order, in the polyandria class of 
plants. The calyx is quinquepartite, the 
petals live, the styles most frequently four. 
The fruit is a drupe, with nucleuses, and 
four furrows netted. There is one species. 
CARY OPHYLLUS, the clove-tree, a 
genus of the mongynia order, in the polyan- 
dria class of plants ; and in the natural me- 
thod ranking under the 19th order, hespe- 
ridese. The corolla is tetrapetalous ; the 
calyx tetraphv lions; the berry monosper- 
anous, below the receptacle of the flower. Of 
this there is but one species, viz. 
Caryophyllus arorhaticus, which is a native 
of the Molucca islands, particularly of Am- j 
boyna, where it is principally cultivated. 
'Idle clove-tree resembles in its bark the 
olive; and is about the height of the laurel. 
No verdure is ever seen under it. It has a 
great number of branches, at the extremities 
of which are produced vast quantities of 
flowers, that are first white, then green, and 
at last pretty red and hard. When they ar- 
rive at this degree of maturity, they are, 
properly speaking, cloves. As they dry, they 
assume a dark yellowish cast, and when ga- 
thered become of a deep brown. The sea- 
son for gathering the cloves- is from October 
to February. The boughs of the trees are 
then strongly shaken; or the cloves beaten 
down with long reeds. Large cloths are 
spread to receive them, and they are after- 
wards either dried in the sun or in the smoke 
of the bamboo cane. The cloves which es- 
cape the notice of those who gather them, or 
are purposely left upon the tree, continue to 
grow till they are about an inch in thickness; 
and these falling oft', produce new plants, 
which do not bear in less than eight or nine 
years. Those which are called mother doves 
are inferior to the common sort, but are pre- 
served in sugar by the Dutch, and in long 
voyages eaten after their meals, to promote 
digestion. The clove, to be in perfection, 
must be full-sized, heavy, oily, and easily 
■broken, of a fine smell, and of a" hot aromatic 
taste, so as almost to burn the throat. It 
should make the fingers smart when handled, 
and leave an oily moisture upon them when 
pressed In the East Indies, and in some 
parts of Europe, it is so much admired as to 
be thought an indispensable ingredient in 
almost every dish. C loves are very hot, sti- 
mulating, aromatics; and possess in an emi- 
nent degree the general virtues of substances 
of this class. Their pungency resides in 
their resin, or rather in a combination of resin 
with essential oil; for the spirituous extract is 
very pungent: but if the oil and the resin 
contained i* this extract are separated from 
each other by distillation, the oil will be very 
mild ; and any pungency which it does re- 
tain, proceeds from some small portion of 
adhering resin, and the remaining oil will 
be insipid. No plant, or part of any plant, 
contains such a quantity of oil as cloves do. 
From l6ounc.es Newman obtained by dis- 
tillation two ounces and two drams, and Hoff- 
man obtained an ounce and a half of oil from 
two ounces of the spice. The oil is specifi- 
cally heavier than water. Cloves acquire 
weight by imbibing water; and this they will 
do at some considerable distance. The Dutch, 
who trade in cloves, make a considerable ad- 
vantage by knowing this secret. They sell 
them always by weight ; and when a bag of 
cloves is ordered, they hang it for several 
hours before it is sent in, aver a vessel of 
water, at about two feet distance from the 
surface. This will add many pounds to tiie 
weight, which the unwary purchaser pays 
for on the spot. This is sometimes practised 
in Europe, as well as in the spic islands : 
but the degree of moisture must be more 
carefully watched in the latter; for there a 
bag of cloves will, in one night’s time, attract 
so much water, that it may be pressed out 
by squeezing them with the hand. At Am- 
boy na the company have allotted the inhabi- 
tants 4000 parcels of land, on each of which 
they were at first allowed, and about the year 
1720 compelled, to plant about 125 trees, 
amounting in all to 500,000. Each of these 
trees produces annually on an average more 
than two pounds of cloves, and consequently 
the collective produce must weigh more than 
a million. See Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 92. 
CARY OTA, in botany, a genus of the 
monoecia polyandria plants, classed by Lin- 
nams under palm*: the male and female 
flowers of which are produced in separate 
parts of the same spadix ; the corolla is di- 
vided into three hollow, lanceolated seg- 
ments; the stamina are numerous filaments, 
longer than the corolla; the anther* are 
linear ; the corolla in the female flower is di- 
vided into two very small acuminated seg- 
ments; the fruit is a round berry, containing 
a single cell ; the seeds are two, large, oblong, 
rounded on one side, and flatted on the other. 
There are two species. 
CASE, among grammarians, implies 
the different inflexions or terminations of 
nouns, serving to express the different re- 
lations they bear to each other, and to the 
things they represent. 
Case, among printers, denotes a sloping 
frame, divided into several compartments, 
each containing a number of types or letters 
of the same kind. From these compartments 
the compositor takes out each letter as he 
wants it, to compose a page or form. 
Case of crown-glass contains 12, 15, or 
18 tables, according to the quality of the 
glass: in cases of the best glass there are the 
smallest number of tables, as the price is the 
same for each case. 
€ A 5 
Case of Newcastle green glass contains 
35 tables. 
Case-hardening, a method of prepar-j 
ing iron, so as to render its outer surface 
hard, and capable of resisting any edged tool. 
Case-shot, in the military art, musket- 
ball, stones, old iron, &c. put into cases, and 
shat out of great guns. 
CASEMENT, or Casemate, in archi- 
tecture, a hollow moulding, which some ar- j 
chitects make one-sixtli of a circle, and ; 
others one-fourth. 
CASERN, in fortification, lodgings built 
in garrison towns, generally near the ram- 
part, or in the waste places of the town, for 
lodging the soldiers of the garrison. T here 
are usually two beds in each casern for six 
soldiers to lie, .who mount the guard alter- 
nately, the third part being always on duty. 1 
CASES, reserved, in the polity of the Ro- 
mish church, atrocious crimes, the absolution; 
of which is reserved by the superiors to 
themselves or their vicar,. There are cases 
reserved by the pope, who formerly gave the 
absolution in person, but now delegates that 
power to certain bishops and priests: cases 
reserved by the bishops in convents, some 
by the chapters; but at the point of death 
all reserved cases are absolvahte by the or- 
dinary. The cases reserved by the pope, 
according to the ritual of Paris, are : 1 . The 
wilful burning of churches, and also of other 
places, if the incendiary is publicly proclaim- 
ed. 2. Actual simony. 3. The murder or 
mutilation ot a person in holy orders. 4. The 
striking a bishop or other prelate. 5. Fur- 
nishing arms to the infidels. 6. Falsifying the 
bulls or letters of the pope. 7. Invading or 
pillaging the lands of the church. 8. Violat- 
ing an interdiction of the pope. 
CASHEW -NUT. See Anacardium. 5 
CASING of timber work , among builders, 
isnthe plastering a house all over on the out- 
side with mortar, and then striking it while 
wet by a ruler with the corner of a trowel, to 
make it resemble the joints of free-stone. 
Some direct it to be done upon heart laths, 
because the mortar would in a little time 
decay the sap laths, and to lay on the mortar 
in two thicknesses, viz. a second before the 
first is dry. 
CASKETS, on board a ship, small ropes 
made of sinnet, and fastened to gromets or 
little rings upon the yards. T heir use is to 
make fast the sail to the yard when it is lobe 
furled. 
CASSATION, among civilians, the act 
of annulling any act or procedure. The rea- 
sons of cassation are; 1. When a decree is 
directly contrary to another decree, and both 
against the same party. 2. W hen the de- 
crees are contrary to the express decision of 
statutes and custom?. 3. When the forma- 
lities prescribed by the laws have not been 
observed. 
Cassation is properly a term in the courts 
of France, the lav 7 s of which country require 
the party that sues for a cassation, to deposit 
450 livres, which sum is forfeited if he fails in 
his suit. 
CASSIA, a genus of the monogynia order, 
in the decandria class of plants, and in the 
natural method ranking under the 33d order, 
lomentacesc. The calyx is pentaphyllous-; 
petals five; anther*, upper, three barren; 
lower, three beaked: a leguminous plant. 
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