310 
C A V 
CEL 
may be frequently observed in the act of 
smoothing and dressing their fur, somewhat 
in the manner ot a cat. in their quarrels 
they not only bite but kieki each other, 
like horses, with their hind feet. It is ob- 
served, that the male and female seldom 
sleep at the same time ; but seem alternately 
to watch each other; the one sleeping while 
the other is feeding, & c. r l heir general voice 
is a sort of grunting squeak, and sometimes a 
shriller or sharper cry. 
2. Cavia paca, or spotted cavy. This is a 
large species, (Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 98.) 
measuring near two feet in length. It is 
found in Guiana, Brasil, and other parts of 
South America ; inhabiting holes, formed 
under ground, and principally near the banks 
of rivers. It is ot a thick, clumsy form, some- 
what resembling that of a pig; for which rea- 
son it has been sometimes called the the hog- 
rabbit. I he spotted cavy is a nocturnal 
animal, residing m a solitary manner in his 
hole during almost tiie whole day. In a do- 
mestic state it readily feeds on almost any 
kind of vegetable diet, and is particularly 
fond of sugar and fruits. It is much esteemed 
as an article of food by the South Americans. 
It is subject to some variety in point of co- 
lour, and has been sometimes seen quite 
white. Its general length, when full -grown, 
js about two feet, 'i he female is said to 
produce but one young at a birth. 
3. Cavia Capybara. The characters of 
• this animal (Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 97.) are 
somewhat ambiguous, and it was formerly 
considered by Linnasus as a species of hog, 
and was accordingly placed in that ge- 
nus in the 12th edition of the Sy sterna Na- 
turae, under the name of sus Hydrochceris. 
It grows to the size of a hog of two years 
old, and is said to have been sometimes 
found of the weight of 100 pounds. It inha- 
bits various parts of South America, though 
6 aid to be more common in Brasil than in 
other regions. It feeds not only on various 
vegetables, and particularly on "sugar-canes, 
but also (contrary to the nature of most of 
the glires) on fish; for which purpose, it 
frequents rivers, swimming with the same 
facility as the otter, and, like that animal, 
dragging its prey out of the water, and eating 
it on the bank. 
4. Cavia caudata aguti. This species is 
peculiar to the warmer parts of South Ame- 
rica, and is extremely common in Guiana. 
Its general size is that of a rabbit: the body 
is plump, and thicker behind than before : 
the head is rather small, and somewhat com- 
pressed laterally. This animal’s manner of 
moving resembles that of a hare, and its voice 
is like the grunting of a young pig. It feeds 
on various roots, nuts, fruit, &c. &c. and re- 
sides in woods, where it forms subterraneous 
burrows, and sometimes lodges in the hollows 
of trees. They are taken in traps, or hunted 
with dogs. The Indians and negroes, who 
ikuow how to allure them by whistling, or 
imitating their cries, kill as many as they 
please. When pursued, they conceal them- 
selves, like rabbits, in the holes of old trees. 
They hold their food in their paws like squir- 
rels. 
5. C. Aguti Leporine. Leporine cavy, is 
probably a variety of the aguti, from which it 
differs in being of a reddish colour above, 
with the breast and belly white. It is of the 
size of a hare, and is a native of Surinam, and 
other parts of South America. It is altoge- 
C A Z 
t her an American animal, and notwithstand- 
ing its common title of the Java hare, is not 
found either in that island or Sumatra, as er- 
roneously supposed by some. 
6. Cavia acuschy, (Plate Nat. Hist. fig. 96.) 
is by some regarded as a variety of the aguti, 
but differs in being somewhat smaller, rather 
thinner, and entirely of an olive colour, paler 
or more inclining to whitish beneath : the tail 
is also longer than in the aguti. It is a native 
of the same parts of South America with the 
auguti, is ot similar maimers, and is also 
tamed with equal readiness. 
7. Cavia aperea, or rock cavy. This ani- 
mal, which is a native ot Brasil, is neither a 
rabbit nor a rat, but seems to partake of 
both. Its general colour is the same with 
that of our hares, and its belly is white : its 
upper lip is divided in the same manner, 
ana it has the same large cutting teeth, and 
whiskers round the mouth and on the sides of 
the eyes, but its ears are rounded like those 
of a rat, and so short that they exceed not a 
finger’s breadth in height. 
CAUKING, or caulking of a ship, is 
driving oakum, or the like, into all the seams 
of the planks of a ship, to prevent leaking and 
keep out the water. After the seams are 
stopped with oakum, it is done over with a 
mixture of tallow, pitch, and tar, as low as 
the ship draws water. 
CAULICOLES, or caulicoli, are eight 
lesser branches or stalks, in the Corinthian 
capital, springing out from four greater or 
principal cauls, or stalks. The eight volutes 
of this order are sustained by four cauls, or 
primary branches, of leaves, and from which 
these caulicoles or lesser foliages arise. 
G AU LIFEROU S, an appellation given 
to such plants as have a perfect caulis or 
stem. See Botany. 
CAULIFLOWERS. See Brassica. 
CAU SALTY, among the miners, denotes 
the lighter, sulphureous, earthy parts of ores, 
carried off in the operation of washing. 
This, in the mines, they throw in heaps upon 
banks, which, in six or seven years, they 
find it worth their while to work over again. 
CAUSTICS. See Surgery. 
Caustic-curve, in the higher geometry, 
a curve formed by the concourse or coinci- 
dence of the rays of light, reflected from some 
other curve. 
CAUTERY, a medicine for burning, 
eating, or corroding, any solid part of the 
body. See Surgery. 
CAUTION, in the civil and Scotch law, 
denotes much the same with what, in the law 
of England, is called bail. 
CAXA, a little coin made of lead, mixed 
with some scoria of copper, struck in China, 
but current chiefly at Bantam in the island of 
Java, and some of the neighbouring islands. 
The caxas are of two kinds, great and small. 
Of the small 300,000 are equal to fifty-six 
livres five sols French money ; and of the 
great 6000 are equal to four skillings and six- 
pence sterling. 
CAZEMATE, or casemate, in fortifica- 
tion, a certain retired platform in the flank 
of a bastion, for the defence of the moat and 
face of the opposite bastion. Sometimes 
there are three such platforms, one behind 
another, the uppermost of which is on the 
terre-plein of the bastion, which makes the 
other two be called places-basses, or low 
places. They are covered from the enemies’ 
batteries by a work of earth added to the 
angle of the shoulder, of a circular and some- 
times of a square form, called shoulder, oril- 
lon, or epaulement. 
Cazemate is also used for a well with 
several subterraneous branches dug in the 
passage of the bastion, till the' miner is heard 
at work, and air given to the mine. 
CEANOTIiUS, New Jersey tea. a genus of 
the monogynia order, in the pentandVia class 
of plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 43d order, dumosae. There are 
five petals, pouched and arched. The fruit 
is a dry, trilocular, and trispermous berry. 
There are six species, of which the most re- 
markable is the 
Ceanothus Americanus, a native of most 
parts of North America, whence the seeds 
have been imported into Europe. In Eng- 
land this plant seldom rises more than three 
feet high. The stem, which is of a pale brown 
colour, sends out branches from the bottom. 
The flowers grow at the ends of the twigs in 
clusters: they are of a white colour, and 
when in flower give the shrub a most beauti- 
ful appearance. 
CECROPIA, a genus of the diandria or- 
der, in the dicecia class of plants; and in the 
natural nlethod ranking under the 53d order, 
scabridse. There is one species, a tree of 
South America. 
CEDAR. See Juniperus, Pinus, Ce- 
DRELA, &C. 
Cedar , bastard. See Theobroma. 
Cedar, white . See Cupressus. 
CEDRELA, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the pentandria class of plants ; and 
ranking, according to the natural method, ; 
under the 54th order, miscellanea. There is 
only one species, called Barbadoes bastard 
cedar. 
CELARENT, in logic, a mode of syllo- 
gism, wherein the major and conclusion are 
universal negative propositions, and the 
minor an universal affirmative. As 
ce No man that is a hypocrite can be 
saved : 
la Every man who with his lips only 
cries. Lord, Lord, is a hypocrite : 
rent 1 herefore, no man, who with his 
lips only cries Lord, Lord, can 
be saved. 
CELASTRUS, the staff tree, a genus of 
the monogynia order, in the pentandria class 
of plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 43d order, duinosse. The corolla 
is pentapetalous and patent ; the capsule 
quinquangular and trilocular ; the seeds veil- 
ed. There are 22 species, two of which are 
inured to our climate, viz. 
1. Celastrus bullatus, an uncertain decidu- 
ous shrub* a native of Virginia. It is about 
four feet high. The flowers are produced in 
July, at the ends of the brandies, in loose 
spikes. r I hey are of a white colour, and in 
their native countries are succeeded by beau- 
tiful scarlet fruit ; but with us this seldom 
happens. 
2. Celastrus scandens, the flowers of which 
are green, and appear in June. The berries 
are red, and make a fine appearance in au- 
tumn. 
CELESTINS, in church-history, a religi- 
ous order of Christians, reformed from the 
Bernardins by pope Celestin V. 
The celestins rise two hours after midnight 
to say matins : they eat no flesh any time, 
except when they are sick : they fast every 
Wednesday and Friday to the feast of the 
