32! 
CER 
substitute of the horse, the cow, the sheep, 
and goat. 
3. Cervus elaphus, or stag, is one of those 
innocent and peaceable animals that seem 
destined to embellish the forest, and animate 
the solitudes of nature. The elegance of his 
form, the lightness of lus motions, the strength 
of his limbs, and the branching horns with 
which his head is decorated, conspire to give 
him a high rank among quadrupeds, and to 
render him worthy the admiration of man- 
kind. It varies both in size and colour in 
different countries, but is generally about 
three feet and a half high, and ot a reddish 
brown colour, whitish beneath, ihe horns 
vary as to size, &c.. The general number of 
branches in a well-grown stag seems to be 
six: or seven, but they are sometimes far 
more numerous. 
The stag is a native of almost all the tem- 
perate parts of Europe, as well as of Asia. It 
also occurs in North America, where it occa- 
sionally arrives at a larger size than in the 
old continent, except in Siberia, where it is 
found of gigantic magnitude. 
Stags in general cast or shed their horns 
sooner or later in the month of March, in 
proportion to their ages. At the end of June 
they are full-grown, and the animal rubs 
them strongly against the boughs of trees, 
or any convenient object, in order to free 
them from the skin, which is now become 
useless, and by the beginning of August they 
assume the full strength and consistence, 
which they retain throughout the remainder 
of the year. 
4. Cervus dama, or fallow deer, is consi- 
derably smaller than the stag, and is of . a 
brownish bay-colour, more or less deep in 
different individuals ; whitish beneath, on the 
insides of, the limbs, and beneath the tail, 
which is somewliat longer in proportion than 
that of the stag. In its general form, the 
animal greatly resembles the stag, having the 
same elegance of aspect, with a more gentle 
disposition. It is not so common as the 
stag, and is even a rare animal in some parts 
of Europe, as in France and Germany, but 
in Spain is said to be found nearly equal to 
the stag in size. The manners of the fallow 
deer resemble those of the stag, but it is ob- 
served to be less delicate in the choice of its 
food; eating a variety of vegetables which 
are refused by the former. It arrives at full 
growth and perfection in about three year’s, 
and is said to live about twenty. 
The horns are annually shed, as in the stag, 
but at a somewhat later period. 
5. Cervus Yirginianus, Virginian deer, is a 
native of the northern parts of America, 
where it is found in vast herds, and is an 
animal of great importance to the Indian na- 
tives, who dry its flesh for their winter pro- 
vision. The size of the animal is that of the 
fallow deer: its colour a light cinereous 
brown ; the horns slender, bending very 
much forwards, with numerous branches on 
the interior sides, and no brow-antlers. 
This species appears to occur in almost all 
parts of North America, and they abound in 
the greatest abundance in the vast savannas 
contiguous to the Mississippi and the great 
rivers which flow into it; grazing in innume- 
rable herds, along with slags and buffaloes. 
6. Cervus axis, or spotted axis (see Plate 
Nat. Hist. lig. 102.), is a most beautiful ani- 
mal. Its size is nearly that of the fallow deer, 
VOL. I. 
C E Pi 
and its colour an elegant light rufous-brown, 
distinctly and beautifully marked with very 
numerous white spots. It is described by 
Pliny among the animals' of India, and is said 
to have been sacred to Bacchus. It has 
been introduced into Europe, and is occa- 
sionally seen in parks and menageries. It is 
readily tamed, and seems to suffer but little 
from a change of climate. 
7. C. Axis, middle. Whether this is a va- 
riety of the former, or specifically distinct, 
does not appear perfectly clear, it is of a 
middle size, between the spotted axis and 
the great axis. In the colour of its hair, it 
resembles the first sort, but is never spotted. 
It inhabits dry hilly forests in Ceylon, Bor- 
neo, Celebes, and Java, where it is found in 
very numerous herds. Its flesh is much 
esteemed by the natives, and is dried aud 
salted for use. 
8. C. Axis, great. The existence cf this 
species or variety is ascertained from a pair of 
horns in the British Museum, resembling the 
former kinds in shape, but of larger size : 
they measure two feet nine inches in length, 
are ol a whitish colour, and are very strong, 
thick, and rugged. Mr. Pennant conjectures 
that they were brought from Ceylon or 
Borneo, having been informed by Mr. Loten, 
who had long resided in the former of these 
islands, that a very large kind of stag, as tall 
as a horse, of a reddish colour, and with tri- 
furcated horns, existed there as well as in 
Borneo. 
9. _ Cervus pygargus, or tailless roe. This 
species is described in the first volume of Dr. 
Pallas’s Travels, and is a native of the moun- 
tainous parts of Ilircania, Russia, and Sibe- 
ria ; inhabiting the loftiest parts of those re- 
gions, but in winter descending into the 
plains, the hair at that season assuming a 
hoary appearance. In its form it resembles 
the roebuck, but is larger. Its colour is 
brown, with the outsides of the limbs and 
under parts of the body yeliowi-h. It has 
no tail, but a mere broadish cutaneous excres- 
cence. 
10. Cervus Mexicanus, or Mexican roe, 
is about the size of the common or European 
roebuck, and of a reddish colour, but when 
young is often spotted with white. The 
horns are thick, strong, and rugged: they 
bend forwards, and are about ten inches 
long. The flesh is said to be far inferior to 
the yenison of Europe. 
11. Cervus porcinus, porcine deer, lias 
slender trifurcated horns, thirteen inches long 
and six inches at the base : the height from 
the shoulders to the hoof is two feet two 
inches, and about two inches higher behind ; 
the body is thick and clumsy, the legs fine 
and slender ; the colour on the upper part of 
the neck, body, and sides, is brown; the 
belly and rump lighter. 
12. The cervus capreolus, or common 
roe, is of a reddish brown colour, and is the 
smallest of the European animalsof this genus. 
The common or general measure of the 
roe is three feet nine inches from nose to tail; 
the height before, two feet three inches ; but 
behind, two feet seven inches ; the horns are 
about six or eight inches long, and are strong, 
upright, -rugged, and trifurcated: the general 
colour of the animal is reddish brown, more 
or less deep in different individuals, and the 
rump is white, it is an inhabitant of most 
! parts of Europe, as far as Norway; it also 
C £ S 
occurs in some parts of Aski, but is not to be 
found in Africa. \\ hether it is a native of 
America seems somewhat doubtful, though 
some species nearly allied to it are found in 
that continent. 
13. Cervus' muntjac, or rib-faced deer, is 
a native of Java and Ceylon, and is somewhat 
smaller than the common roebuck, and of a 
thick form, like the porcine deer. I he horns 
are trifurcated ; but what seems principally 
to distinguish this animal, is the appearance 
of three longitudinal subcutaneous ribs, ex- 
tending from the horns to the eyes. 1- rom 
each side of the upper jaw hangs a tusk; so 
that this species differs in that respect from 
most of the genus. 
14. Cervus guineensis, or grey deer, is 
the size of a cat ; the colour grey, with a line 
of black between the ears, a large spot of 
black above the eyes, and on each side of the 
throat a line of black, pointing downwards : 
the middle of the breast black; the fore legs 
and sides of the belly, as far as the hams, 
marked with black ; the ears rather long ;• 
the under side of the tail black. It is said to 
be a native of Guinea. 
CESARE, among logicians, one of the 
modes of the second figure of syllogisms; 
the minor proposition of which is an uni- 
versal affirmative, and the other two universal 
negatives: thus, 
Cc No immoral books ought to be read: 
su But every obscene book is immoral ; 
re Therefore no obscene book ought to 
be read, 
CESSATION, cessatio a divinis, in the 
Romish church, is when, for any notorious 
injury to the church, a stop is put to all di- 
vine offices and the administration of the sa- 
craments, and Christians are deprived of 
church-burial. A cessation differs from an 
interdict in this, that, during the latter, di- 
vine service may be performed in such 
churches of any place interdicted, as are not 
expressly under the interdict, and even 
celebrated solemnly on certain high festivals, 
the church-doors being shut: but in a ces- 
sation, no religious service can be performed 
solemnly ; the only liberty allowed is, in 
order to renew the consecrated hosts, to re- 
peat every week a private mass in the parish- 
churches, the doors being shut, observing 
also not to ring the bell. Moreover it is 
lawful, during, the cessation, to administer 
baptism, confirmation, and penance, to such 
persons as desire it, provided they are not 
excommunicated, or under an interdict, 
CESSAVIT, in law, a writ that lies in many 
cases, upon this general ground ; that lie 
against whom it is brought has for two years 
ceased or neglected to perform such service, 
or to pay such rent, as he is bound to by his 
tenure, and has not upon his lands and tene- 
ments sufficient goods or cattle to be dis- 
trained. 
CESSION, is where an ecclesiastical per- 
son is created a bishop, or where a parson of 
a parsonage takes another benefice, without 
dispensation,, or otherwise not qualified, &c, 
in both cases, their first benefices are said to 
be void by cession : and to those benefices 
which the person who was created a bishop 
enjoyed, the king shall present for that time, 
whosoever is patron of them ; and in the other 
cases the patron may present. 
C ES I RUM, bastard jasmin, a genus of 
the monogynia order, iu the peutaudria clase ,; 
