322 
C E T 
C H A 
C H A 
of plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 28th order, luritke. The corolla 
is funnel-shaped; the stamina each sending 
out a little tooth about the middle of the 
inside. There are six species, ail natives of 
the warmest parts of America ; so cannot be 
preserved in this country without artificial 
heat. They are flowering shrubs, rising in 
height from five to twelve feet, with flowers 
of a white, or pale yellow colour. The flow- 
ers of one species, called Badmington jas- 
mine, emit a strong scent after sunset. They 
may be propagated either by seed or cut- 
tings. 
CESTUI, a French word, signifying he or 
him, frequently used in our law-writings. 
Thus, cestui qui trust, a person Who has 
lands, &c. committed to him for the benefit 
of another : and if such person does not per- 
form his trust, he is compellable to it in chan- 
cery. Cestui qui vit, one for whose life any 
lands, &c. are granted. Cestui qui use, a 
person to whose use any one is infeoffed of 
lands or tenements. Formerly the feoffees 
to uses were deemed owners of the land, 
but now the possession is adjudged in cestui 
qui use. 
CETUS, in astronomy, a constellation of 
the southern hemisphere, comprehending 
twenty-two stars in Ptolemy’s catalogue, 
twenty-one in Tycho’s, and in the Britannic 
catalogue ninety-seven. 
In this constellation is a variable star which 
appears and disappears periodically, passing 
through the several degrees of magnitude 
both increasing and diminishing in about 333 
dav s. 
tlETE, the seventh order in the mam- 
malia class of animals; the characters of 
which are, breathing apertures on the head, 
tail horizontal, no claws. The animals of 
this order are all of the whale kind. 
Nature has bestowed on this tribe an in- 
ternal structure in all respects agreeing- with 
that of quadrupeds ; and in a few others the 
external parts are both similar. Cetaceous 
flsh, like land-animals, breathe by means of 
lungs, being destitute of gills. This obliges 
them to rise frequently on the surface of the 
water to respire, to sleep on the surface, as 
well as to perform several other functions. 
They have the power of uttering sounds, 
such as bellowing and making other noises 
denied to genuine fish. Like land-animals 
they have warm blood, bring forth, and 
suckle their young, showing a strong attach- 
ment to them. Their bodies beneath the 
skin are entirely surrounded with a thick 
layer of fat (blubber), analogous to the lard 
on hogs. The number of their fins never 
exceeds three, viz. two pectoral fins, and one 
back fin; but in some species the last is 
wanting.' Their tails are placed horizon- 
tally, or fiat, in respect to their bodies ; con- 
trary to the direction of those of all other 
fish, which have them in a perpendicular 
site. This situation of the tail enables them 
to force themselves suddenly to the surface 
of the water to breathe, which they are so 
frequently constrained to do. Notwithstand- 
ing the many parts and properties which ce- 
taceous fish have in common with land-ani- 
mals, yet there still remain others which ren- 
der it more natural to place them in the rank 
offish: the form of their bodies agrees with 
that of fish; they are entirely naked, or co- 
vered. only with a smooth skin ; they five 
constantly in the water, and have all the ac- 
tions of fish. 'Phis order comprehends the 
monodon, or narwhale, or sea-unicorn ; ba- 
lana, or common whale ; the phvseter, ca- 
chalot, or spermaceti whale; and delphinus, 
dolphin, grampus, porpus, &c. 
CHA, in commerce, a thin light silk-stuff 
made in China, and worn by the inhabitants 
for a summer-dress. 
CILEROPHYLLUM, chervil: a genus 
of the digynia order, in the pentandria class 
of plants; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 45th order, umbeliatie. The iu- 
volucrum is reflexed-concave, the petals in- 
flexed-cordate ;. the fruit oblong and smooth. 
There are ten species, two of which, called 
cow-weed arul wild chervil, are weeds com- 
mon in many places in Britain. The roots 
of the first have been found poisonous when 
used as parsnips ; the flowers afford an in- 
different yellow dye ; the leaves and stalks a 
beautiful green. Its presence indicates a 
fertile soil, but it ought to be rooted out from 
all pastures early in the spring, as no animal 
but the ass will eat it. The leaves are recom- 
mended by Geoffroy as aperient and diu- 
retic, and at the same time grateful to the 
palate and stomach. lie even asserts that 
dropsies which do not yield to this medicine 
can scarcely be cured by any other. He 
directs the juice to be given in the dose of 
three or four ounces every fourth hour, and 
continued for some time, either alone or in 
conjunction with nitre and syrup of the five 
opening roots. The other species of chsro- 
phyllum are not possessed of any remarkable 
property. 
CILETODON, in ichthyology, a genus 
of fishes belonging to the order of thoracici. 
The teeth are very numerous, thick, setace- 
ous, and flexile; the rays of the gills are six. 
The back fin and the fin at the anus are fleshy 
and squamous. There are 23 species, dis- 
tinguished from each other principally by 
the figure of the tail, and the number of 
spines in the back fin. The most remarkable 
is the aejiminatus, or shooting fish, having a 
hollow cylindrical beak. It is a native of 
the East Indies, where it frequents the sides 
of the sea and rivers in search of food ; from 
its singular manner of obtaining which it re- 
ceives its name. When it spies a fly sitting 
on the plants that grow in shallow water, it 
swims to the distance of four, five, or six feet ; 
and then, with a surprising dexterity, it ejects 
out of its tubular mouth a single drop of 
water, which never fails striking the fly into 
the water, where it soon becomes its prey. 
See Plate Nat. Hist. figs. 113, 114, 115, 116. 
CHAFFERS, in our old records, signify 
wares or merchandize ; and hence the word 
chaffering is used for buying and selling. 
CHAIN, a kind of measure in France, 
in the trade of wood for fuel : there are chains 
for wood by tale, for wood by the rope, for 
faggots, for cleft wood, and for round sticks : 
there are also chains measuring the sheaves 
of all sorts of corn, &c. 
Chains in a ship, those irons to which the 
shrouds by the masts are made fast to the chain- 
wails, which are the broad timbers made jet- 
ting out of the sides, to which the shrouds 
are fastened and spread out, the better to se- 
cure the masts. 
Chain-shot, two bullets with a chain 
between, them. They are used at. sea to 
shoot down yards or masts, and to cut tit 
shrouds or rigging cf a ship. 
Chain-pump. See Pump. 
Chain, in surveying, a measure of length, 
made of a certain number of links of iron 
wire, serving to take the distance between 
two or more places. Gunter’s chain con- 
tains 100 such links, each measuring 7 T ?2_ 
inches, and consequently equal to 66 feel, or 
four poles. See Surveying. 
CHALCEDONY, in natural history, a 
genus of semipellucid gems, of an even and 
regular not tabulated texture, of a semi- 
opake crystalline basis, and variegated with 
different colours, dispersed in form of mists 
and clouds, and, if nicely examined, found to 
be owing to an admixture of various kinds of 
earths or metals, but imperfectly blended in 
the mass, and often visible in distinct mole- 
cuke. Of this genus there are a great many 
•species, as the bluish white chalcedony ; tin* 
brownish-black chalcedony, or smoky jasper 
or capnitis of the antients ; antj the yellow 
and red chalcedony. 
This stone is. found abundantly in many 
countries, particularly in Iceland and the 
Ferro islands.. It is most commonly amor- 
phous, or in rounded masses. Its specific 
gravity is from 2.615 to 2.703 ; and it is com- 
posed of 84 parts of silica, and 16 of alumina, 
mixed with iron. When striped white and 
black, or brown alternately, it is called onyx ; 
when striped white and grey, it is denomi- 
nated chalcedonix. Black or brown chal- 
cedony, when between the eye and a strong 
light, appears of a dark red. 
CHALDRON, a dry English measure, 
consisting of thirty-six bushels, heaped up 
according to the sealed bushel kept at Guild- 
hall, London : but on shipboard, twenty- 
one chaldron of coals are allowed to the score.. 
The chaldron should weigh two thousand 
pounds. 
CHALIZA, in Hebrew antiquity, the cere- 
mony whereby a woman left a widow, pulled 
off her brother-in-law’s shoes, who should 
have espoused her; after which she was at 
liberty to marry whom she pleased. 
CHALK, in natural history, the English 
name of the white, dry, calcareous earth, 
with a dusty surface, found in hard masses, 
and called by authors creta, and terra creta. 
See Chemistry. 
CHALLENGE, taken either against 
persons or things : persons, as in assize the 
jurors, or any one or more of them ; or in 
a case of felony, by a prisoner at the bar. 
Challenge of jurors is of two kinds ; either 
to the array, by which is meant the whole 
jury as it stands arrayed in the pannel or 
little square pane of parchment on which the 
jurors’ names are written ; or to the polls, 
by which are meant the several particular 
persons or heads in the array. 1 Inst. 156. 
Challenge to the array is in respect of the 
partiality or default of the sheriff, coroner, 
or other officer that made the return ; and 
it is then twofold: 1st. Principal challenge 
to the array, which if it is made good, is a 
sufficient cause of exception, without leaving 
any thing to the judgment of the. triers; as 
if the sheriff is of kindred to either party ; or 
if any of the jurors are returned at the de- 
nomination of either of the parties. 2nd. 
Challenge to the array for favour, which being 
no principal challenge must be left to the 
discretion and conscience of the triers; as 
