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4. C'henopodium scoparia, the belvidere, 
or annual mock cypress, is an ornamental 
plant. It is eaten in China. 
CHERLER1A, a genus of the decandria 
trig) nia class of plants. The flower has pro- 
perly no petals; the nectaria are five in 
number, roundish and emarginated, very 
small, and placed in a circular direction. 
r I'he fruit is a capsule, formed of three valves, 
and containing three seeds. There is one 
species. 
C HERMES, in zoology, a genus of insects 
belonging to the order hemiptera. The ros- 
trum is situated on the breast; the feelers 
are longer than the thorax; the four wings 
are deflected; the thorax is gibbous; and the 
feet are of the jumping kind. There are 17 
species. It is an insect to be met with in 
great numbers upon the fig-tree. 1 he larva 
has six feet. It is like the insect, when pro- 
vided with wings. Its form is oblong, and its 
motion is slow. The chrysalis differs from it 
by two flat buds that spring from the thorax, 
and inclose the wings, afterwards seen in the 
perfect insect. These chrysalids are fre- 
quently met with on plants; and the twp 
plates of their thorax give them a broad un- 
couth appearance, and a heavy look. When 
the little chrysalids are going to be meta- 
morphosed, they remain motionless under 
some leaves upon which they fix themselves. 
Their skin then divides upon the head and 
thorax, and the perfect insect comes forth 
with his wings. The perfect insect is fur- 
nished with four wings, large in proportion to 
it-; body. Several species are provided at 
the exremily of their body with a small sharp- 
pointed implement, but which lies concealed, 
and which they draw out in order to deposit 
their eggs, bv making a puncture in the plant 
that suits them. By this method the lir-tree 
chermes produces that enormous scaly protu- 
berance which is to be found at the summit of 
the branches of that tree, and which is formed 
by the extravasation of the juices occasioned 
by the punctures. The young larvae shelter 
themselves in cells contained in the tumour. 
The white down, under which the larva of 
the pine-chermes is found, seems to be pro- 
duced much in the same manner. That of 
the box-tree chermes produces no tubercula 
like those; but its punctures make the leaves 
of that tree bend and grow hollow in the 
shape of a cap, which, by the union of those 
inflected leaves, produces at the extremity 
of the branches a kind of knobs, in which the 
larva’ of that insect find shelter. The box 
chermes, as well as some others, has yet an- 
other peculiarity, which is, that the larva and 
its chrysalis eject at the anus a white sweet- 
tasted "matter, that softens under the touch, 
and is not unlike manna. This substance is 
found in small white grains within the balls 
formed by the box-leaves, and a string of the 
same matter is often seen depending from 
the aims of the insect. 
CHERT, among miners, denotes a kind of 
flinty stone, found in thin strata in quarries of 
lime-stone. This stone is usually amorphous, 
occurring sometimes in mass, sometimes in 
round balls. Its specific gravity is from 2.699 
to 2.708; colour usually greyish blue, but it 
sometimes is found grey, blue* green, and 
brown of different shades. Different colours 
frequently appear, in the same specimen. It 
is called by Kirwan, hornstone, and by him 
it is said to consist of 
VoL. I. 
72 parts of silica 
22 ■ — alumine 
6 carbonate of lime. 
100 . 
CHESS, an ingenious game, performed 
with different pieces of wood, on a board di- 
vided into 64 squares or houses, in which 
chance lias so small a share, that it may be 
doubted whether a person ever lost but by his 
own fault. Each gamester has eight dignified 
pieces, viz. a king, a queen, two bishops, two 
knights, and two rooks, also eight pawns ; all 
which, for distinction sake, are painted of two 
different colours, as white and. black. 
As to their disposition on the board, the 
white king is to be placed on the fourth black 
house from the corner of the board, in the 
first and lower rank ; and the black king is to 
be placed on the fourth white house on the 
opposite or adversary’s end of the board. 
The queens are to be placed next to the kings, 
on houses of their own colour. Next to the 
king and queen, on each hand, place the two 
bishops ; next to them the two knights ; and 
last of all, on the corners of the board, the 
two rooks. As to the pawns, they are placed, 
without distinction on the second rank of the 
house, one before each of the dignified pieces. 
Having thus disposed the men, the onset 
is commonly begun by the pawns, which 
march straight forward in their own file, one 
house at a time, except the first move, when j 
it can advance two houses, but never moves > 
backwards. The manner of their taking the 
adversary’s men is sideways, in the next 
house forwards; where having captivated the 
enemy, they move forward as before. The 
rook goes forward or crossways through the 
whole file, and hack again. The knight skips 
backward and forward to the next house, 
save one, of a different colour, with a sidling 
march, or a slope, and thus kills his enemies 
that fall in his way, or guards his friends that 
may be exposed on that side. The bishop 
walks always in the same colour of the field 
that he is placed in at first, forward and back- 
ward, aslope, or diagonally, as far as he lists. 
The queen’s walk is more universal, as she 
takes all the steps of the before-mentioned 
pieces, excepting that of the knight : and as 
to the king’s motion, it is one house at a 
time, and that either forward, backward, slop- 
ing, or sideways. 
As to the value of the different pieces, next 
to the king is the queen, after her the rooks, 
then the bishops, and last of all the dignified 
pieces comes the knight. The difference of 
the worth of pawns is not so great as that of 
noblemen ; only, it must be observed, that 
the king’s bishop’s pawn is the best in the 
field, and therefore the skilful gamester will 
be careful of him. It ought also to be ob- 
served, that whereas any man may be taken, 
when he falls within the reach of any of the 
adversary’s pieces, it is otherwise with the 
king, who, in such a case, is only to he sa- 
luted with the w'ord check, warning him of 
his danger, out of which it is absolutely ne- 
cessary that he move ; and if it so happens that 
he cannot move without exposing himself to 
the like inconveniency, it is check-mate and, 
the game is lost. 
CHIAROSCURO, effect produced in 
painting or drawing, by an artful conduct 
and union of colours and light and shade. 
See Painting. 
S Y y 
Chiaroscuro is also used, improperly, 
to express the general effect of light and 
shade produced in painting or drawing by the 
use of one tint only, as in designs executed in 
white and black, or white and brow n, &c. 
CHIEF, in heraldry, is that which takes 
up all the upper part of the escutcheon, from 
side to side, and represents a man’s head. 
CHILDREN, are in law a man’s issue 
begotten on his wife. In case land is given 
by will to a man and his children, who lias 
such alive, the devisee takes only an estate 
for life ; but if there is no child living, it is 
held to be an estate tail. 1 Vent. 214. 
CHILIAD, denotes a thousand of any 
things, ranged in several divisions, each 
whereof contains that number. 
CIIILIAGON, in geometry, a regular 
plane figure of 1 000 sides and angles. It is ea- 
sily demonstrable that the sum of all the 
angles of such a figure Is equal to 196 right 
ones. . For the internal angles of every plane 
figure are equal to twice as many right angles 
as the figure hath sides, except those four 
which are about the center of the figure. 
Hence it may be resolved into as many tri- 
angles as the figure has sides. 
CHILTERN HUNDREDS, stewards of 
the. Of the hundreds into which many of the 
English counties were divided by king Al- 
fred for their better government, the juris- 
diction was originally vested in peculiar 
courts; but came afterwards to be devolved 
to the county courts, and sc! remains at pre- 
sent ; except with regard to some, as the 
Chilterns in Buckinghamshire, which have 
been by privilege annexed to the crown. 
These having still their own courts, a ste- 
ward of those courts is appointed by the 
chancellor of the exchequer, \yith a salary 
of 20.s. and all fees, &c. belonging to the 
office. This is made a matter of convenience 
to the members of parliament. V hen any of 
them wishes to resign, he accepts the stew- 
ardship of theChiltern hundreds, which va- 
cates his seat. 
CHLMARRHIS, a genus of the class and 
.order pentandria monogynia. The essential 
character is; cor. funnel-form ; caps, inferior, 
obtuse; two-celled; tvvo-valved; seeds one in 
each cell. There is one species, a lofty tree, 
a native of Martinico. 
CHIMES of a clock, a kind of periodical 
music, produced at equal intervals of time, 
by means of a particular apparatus added to 
a clock. 
In order to calculate numbers for the. 
chimes, and adapt the chime-barrel, it must 
be observed that the barrel must turn round 
in the same time that the tune it is to play 
requires in singing. As for the chime-barrel, 
it may be made of certain bars that run 
athwart it,, with a convenient number of holes 
punched in them, to put in the pins that are 
to draw each hammer ; and these pins, in 
order to play the time of the tune rightly, 
must stand upright, or hang down from the 
bar, some more some less. To place the 
pins rightly, you may proceed by the wayot 
changes on bells, viz. 1,2, 3, 4; or rather 
make use of the musical notes. Observe 
what is the compass of your tune, and di- 
vide the barrel accordingly froip end to 
end. Thus in the following example the 
tune is eight notes in compass, and there- 
fore the barrel is divided into eight parts * 
these divisions are struck round the barrel. 
