354 
C H I 
C H L 
C H O 
opposite to which are the hammer-tails ; but 
when two notes of the same sound come to- 
gether in a tune, there must be two hammers 
to that bell to strike it. Then you are to 
divide it round about, into as many divisions 
as there are musical .bars, semibrieis, minims, 
Ac. in your tune. Thus the hundredth 
Psalm tune has twenty semibriefs, the first 
note of it is also a semibrief, and therefore on 
the chime-barrel must be a whole division 
from 5 to 5 ; as may be understood by con- 
ceiving the surface of a chime-barrel to be 
represented by the following tables, as if the 
cylindrical superficies of the barrel was 
stretched out at length, or extended on a 
plane; and then such a table so dotted or di- 
vided, if it was to be wrapped round the barrel, 
would shew the places where all the pins are 
to stand in the barrel: for the dots running 
about the table, are the places of the pins 
that play the tunes. 
The notes of the hundredth Psalm. 
m 
__L 
\ 
>- 
* 
* 
. 
i- 
- 
- 
; 
JT 
LU 
r - 1 
2 
L- 
• 
If you would have your chimes complete, 
you ought to have a set of bells to the gamut 
notes ; so as that each bell having the true 
sound of sol, la, mi, fa, you may play any 
tune with its Hats and sharps, nay even the 
bass and treble, with one ^barrel. And by 
setting the names of your bells at the head of 
any tune, you may transfer that tune to your 
chime-barrel, without any skill in music; but 
observe, that each line in the music is three 
notes distant ; that is, there is a note between 
each line, as well as upon it. 
CII IMNEY. The rules for building chim- 
neys are, 1. That no timber be laid within 
twelve inches of the fore side of the chimney- 
jambs. 2. That all the joists on the back of 
any chimney be laid with a trimmer. 3. That 
no timber be laid within the funnel of any 
chimney. 
CPI 1 MNE Y-SWEEPERS. The overseers, 
Ac. of any parish, may bind any boy of the 
age of eight years or upwards, who is charge- 
able to the parish, to any person using the 
trade of a chimney-sweeper, till he shall at- 
tain the age of lb years, provided that it be 
done with the consent of the parent of such 
boy. And no master shall have more than 
six apprentices at one time. Every master 
shall cause his name and place of abode to 
be put upon a brass plate, and to be fixed 
upon the front of a leathern cap, which he 
shall provide for each apprentice, who shall 
wear the same when out upon his duty; on 
pain of forfeiting for every such apprentice, 
above such number, or without having such 
cap, not exceeding 10/. nor less than 5/. 
For an apparatus for sweeping chimneys, 
•see Machines. 
rm 
-<J- 
--a- 
-9- 
L 
~T~ 
A table for dividing the chime-barrel of the 
hundredth Psalm. 
CIIIOCOCCA, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the pentandria class of plants, and 
in the natural method ranking under the 48th 
order, aggregate. The corolla is funnel- 
shaped and equal ; the berry unilocular, di- 
spermous, inferior. There are two species. 
CHIONANTHUS, the snow-drop, or 
fringe-tree, a genus of the monogynia order, 
belonging to the diandria class of plants, and 
in the natural method ranking under the 44th 
order, sepiarkc. The corolla is quadrilid, 
with the segments very long; the fruit is a 
plumb. There are 4 species described by 
botanists. The most remarkable is the 
Chionantlnis Yirginica, common in Vir- 
ginia and South Carolina, where it grows by 
the side of rivulets. It rises to ten feet. 
CHIRONIA, a genus of the monogynia 
order, in the pentandria class of plants, "and 
in the natural method ranking under the 20th 
order, rotacesc. The corolla is wheel-shaped; 
the pistil declining downwards; the stamina 
placed in the tube of the corolla ; the anthera: 
in their last stage spiral ; the seed-case bilo- 
cular. There are 10 species, of which the 
most remarkable is the 
Ghoronia frutescens, a native of the Cape 
of Good Hope. The flowers are tubulous, 
and spread open at the top. They are of a 
bright red colour, and when a large number 
of them open on the same plant, they make 
a fine appearance. They are produced from 
June to autumn, and the seeds ripen in Oc- 
tober. 
C'H IROGRAPHER OF FINES. The offi- 
cer in the common pleas, who engrosses fines 
m that court, acknowledged into a perpetual 
record, after they are acknowledged and fully 
passed by those officers by whom they were 
examined, and that write or deliver the in- 
dentures of them to the party. This officer 
also makes two indentures, one for the buyer 
and another for the seller; and makes one 
other indented piece, containing also the 
effect of the fine, which he delivers over to 
the custos brevium. 
CHIRU RGERY. See Surgery. 
CHITON, a genus of the order of vermes 
testaceac. The shell is plated, and consists 
of many parts lying upon each other trans- 
versely. The inhabitant is a species of doris. 
There are nine species. See Plate Nat. Hist, 
fig. 117. 
CHIVALRY, a tenure of land by knight’s 
service, whereby the tenant is bound to per- 
form some noble or military office to his 
lord. 
CHLORA, a genus of the monogym,, 
order, in the octandria class of plants. The ca- 
lyx is octophyllous, the corolla monopetalous 
and octofid; the capsule unilocular, bivalved, 
and polyspermous. There are four species. 
CllLORANTIIUS, a genus of the class 
and order tetrandria monogynia. The es- 
sential character is, calyx none ; corolla 
t breed obed, petal by the side of the germ ; 
anthers growing to the petal ; drupe seeded. 
There is one species, a native of China. 
CHLORITES, in natural history, a kind 
of green jasper, but almost as pellucid as the 
coarser emeralds. This mineral enters as an 
ingredient into different mountains. It is 
sometimes amorphous, and sometimes crys- 
tallised in oblong, four-sided, acuminated 
crystals. Its texture is foliated ; it is opaque 
and green. There are four species. 
1. The earthy chlorite is composed of 
scales scarcely cohering, cither heaped' to- 
gether, or investing other stones. It feels 
greasy, gives an earthy smell when breathed 
on, and is difficult to pulverize. The colour 
is grass-green. Sometimes greenish-brown, or 
a very dark green inclining to black. When 
the powder of the chlorite is exposed to the 
blow-pipe, it becomes brown : it froths and 
melts into a dark -brown glass; with borax it 
forms a greenish-brown glass. 
2. Common chlorite, texture earthy *, co- 
lour dark green; streak mountain-green. 
3. Foliated chlorite, colour dark green, 
sometimes crystallized in six-sided tubes; 
greasy or pearly, texture foliated. 
4. Shistose chlorite, structure slaty ; frag- 
ments flatted ; colour greenish-grey, or dark 
green inclining to black; streak mountain- 
green. 
Supposing that these analyses are accurate, 
the difference between them shews that the 
chlorite is not a chemical combination, but a 
mechanical mixture. 
CHOCOLATE, in commerce, a kind of 
paste, or cake, prepared chiefly from the 
cacao-nut. 
W lien the cacao is properly roasted, and 
well cleaned, it is pounded ill a mortar, to 
reduce it into a coarse mass, which is after- 
wards ground on a stone till it is of the ne- 
cessary fineness: the paste being sufficiently 
ground, it is put hot into tin moulds, 
in which it congeals in a very little time. 
The form of these moulds is arbitrary ; the 
cylindrical ones, holding two or three pounds, 
are the most proper ; because the larger the 
cakes are, the longer they will keep. These- 
cakes are very liable to take any good or 
had scent, and therefore they must be care- 
fully wrapt up in paper, and kept in a dry 
place. Complaints are made, that the Spani- 
ards mix with the cacao-nuts too great a- 
quantity of cloves and cinnamon, besides 
other drugs, as musk, ambergris, &c. The 
grocers of Paris use few or none of these in- 
gredients ; they only choose the best nuts, 
which are called caracea, from the place 
whence they are brought ; and with these 
they mix a very small quantity of cinnamon, 
the freshest vanilla, and the finest sugar, but 
very seldom any cloves. In England, 
the chocolate is made of the simple cacao, 
excepting that sometimes sugar, and some- 
times vanilla, is added. 
Chocolate, fresh from the mill, as it cools 
in the tin pans into which it is received, be- 
comes strongly electrical, and it retains this 
property some time after it has been turned 
out of the pans. 
Chocolate ready made, and cacao-paste, 
are prohibited to be imported from any part 
beyond the seas. If made and sold in Great 
Britain, it pays inland-duty Is. 6d. per pound 
avoirdupois: it must be inclosed in papers 
containing one pound each, and produced 
at the excise-office, to be stamped. Upon 
three days notice given to the officer of ex- 
cise, private families may make chocolate for 
their own use, provided no less than half a 
hundredweight of nuts are made at one time. 
CHOENIX, a dry measure, containing the 
forty-eighth part of a medimnus, or six bush- 
els. Hence the celebrated proverb of Py- 
thagoras, Super chcenice ne sedeas. 
CHOLERA morbus. See Medicine. 
CHONDRILLA, a genus of the poly- 
gamia xqualis order, in the syngenesis class 
