360 
C H II 
C II 11 
CHR 
Aft. Chr. 
lOfjb The conquest of England under Wil- 
liam duke of Normandy 
1080 1 he Domesday serve v compiled 
10})6. ! he first crusade to the llolv Land 
'1110 Learning revived at the university of 
Cambridge 
1I1S 1 he order of the knights templars in- 
stituted 
1140 King Stephen defeated and taken pri- 
soner in the battle of Lincoln 
1146 1 he empress Matilda retires out of 
England 
1147 I he second crusade 
1151 The canon law composed by Gratian 
1 154 I he party names ot Guelfs anti Gibbe- 
lines begin 
3162 I Ire .emperor Frederick destroys Milan 
1 172 Henry II. takes possession of Ireland 
1 177 Saladin repulsed before Jerusalem 
1189 I he kings of England and France go 
to the Holy Land 
1192 Richard Gceur de Lion defeats Saladin 
at Ascalon 
1204 Normandy conquered, and re-united 
to France 
1215 Magna Charta signed by king John 
1227 'I he Tartars under Gingis-kan over- 
run the Saracen empire 
1233 The inquisition trusted to flic Domi- 
nicans 
L253 'Fhe famous astronomical tables are 
composed by Allonso Xi. king of 
Castile 
1273 The empire of the present Austrian 
family begins 
1279 The mortmain-act passed in England 
.1283 Wales conquered bv Edward the First 
1293 d he regular succession of the English 
parliaments begins 
1307 The beginning of the Swiss cantons 
1310 The knights of St. John take Rhodes 
1312 The knights templars condemned 
1346 Tire battle of Cressy 
1349 'I ’he order of the garter instituted 
>1352 The Turks enter Europe 
1356 The battle of Poictiers 
138 1 Wat Tyler’s insurrection 
1388 The battle of Otterburn 
I4l4 The council of Constance 
1440 The art of printing discovered 
1455 The battle of St. Albans 
1471 The battle of Tewksbury 
.1478 Lorenzo de Medici expelled Florence 
1485 The battle of Bosworth 
.1497 The Portuguese lirst sail 'to the East 
Indies 
1508 The league of Cambray formed 
>1517 l lie Reformation begun by Luther 
1522 Rhodes taken by the Turks 
J 527 Rome taken by Charles V. 
1534 The Reformation takes place in Eng- 
land 
1545 The council of Trent begins 
>1571 'lire victory of Lepanto obtained 
1572 The massacre of Paris 
358.2 Pope Gregory introduces the new style 
1587 Mary queen of Scots beheaded 
1588 The destruction of the Spanish armada 
1596 Cadiz taken by the English 
1604 Ostend taken by the Spaniards 
1608 The .invention of the- telescope 
1 6 1 4 Napier invents the logarithms 
1618 The synod of Dert begins 
1619 Harvey discovers the circulation of the 
blood 
Aft. Chr. 
1621 The civil war with the Huguenots in 
France 
1629 Nine members imprisoned for their 
speeches in the house of commons 
1640 The Scots army enters England 
1642 King Charles demands the live mem- 
bers 
1645 I he battle of Naseby 
1649 King Charles beheaded 
1652 The first war between the English and 
Dutch begins 
1660 The Restoration of Charles II. 
1662 The Royal Society established 
1680 The great comet observed 
1683 Lord Russel beheaded 
1688 The Revolution in England 
1692 The sea-fight of La Hogue 
1704 Gibraltar taken by admiral Rook 
1706 The battle of Ramiliies 
1709 The. battle of Pultowa 
1720 'Fhe South Sea scheme begins 
1727 The siqge of Gibraltar by the Spa- 
niards 
1750 The interest on the public funds re- 
duced to three per cent. 
1752 The new style introduced into Great 
Britain 
1766 ’Fhe American stamp-act repealed 
1772 The revolution in Denmark 
1773 'Flie order of the Jesuits suppressed 
1775 'Fhe American war commenced 
1779 'File siege of G ibraltar begun 
1780 The riots in London 
1782 'Flie sea-light under Rodney 
1783 'Flie preliminaries of a general peace 
signed. America declared indepen- 
daut 
1789 Fhe revolution in France begins 
1793 LouisXYI. beheaded 
1798 'Fhe battle of the Nile. 
1799 Buonaparte made first consul of France 
1805 The victory off Trafalgar 
CHRONOMETER, in general, denotes 
any instrument, or machine, used in measur- 
ing time. See Clockwork. 
Several machines have been invented for 
measuring time, under the name of chro- 
nometers, upon principles very different 
from those on which clocks and watches 
are constructed. 'Fhe lamp chronome- 
ter consists of a chamber- lamp, which 
is a cylindrical vessel about three inches 
.high, and one inch diameter, placed in 
a stand. The inside of this vessel must 
he every where exactly of the same di- 
ameter. To the stand is fixed a handle 
which supports a frame, about twelve 
inches high, and four wide. This frame 
is to be covered with oiled paper, and divid- 
ed into twelve equal parts by horizontal 
lines; at the end .of which are written the 
numbers .for the hours, from 1 to 12, and be- 
tween the horizontal lines are diagonals that 
are divided into halves, quarters, &c. O 11 
the handle, and close to the glass, is fixed 
a style or gnomon. Now as the distance 
of the style from the flame of the lamp is 
only half an inch, if the distance of the frame 
from -the style is only six inches, then, while 
the float that contains the light descends by 
the decrease of the oil one inch, the shadow 
of the style on the frame wall ascend twelve 
inches, that is, its whole length, and shew by 
its progression the regular increase of the 
hours with their several divisions. It is ab- 
solutely necessary, however, that the oil used 
in this lamp should be always of the sarri 
sort, and quite pure, and that the wick all 
be constantly of the same size and substance! 
as if is on these circumstances, and the uni 
form figure of the vessel, that the regull 
progress ot the shadow depends. 
OliROSTASIMA, in natural history, I 
genus of pellucid gems, comprehending aj 
those which appear of one simple and pel 
manetit colour in all lights : such are the dii 
monel, carbuncle, ruby, garnet, ainethys] 
sapphire, beryl, emerald, and the topaz. ’ ] 
CHRYSALIS, or Aurelia, in naturi 
history, a state of rest and seeming insensj 
bility, which butterflies, moths, and sever! 
other kinds of insects, must pass through hi 
fore they arrive at their winged or most pel 
feet state. In this state, no creatures alfol 
so beautiful a variety as the butterfly kind' 
and they all pass through this middle stat 
without one exception. The figure of th 
aurelia or chrysalis generally approaches t 
that ot a cone ; or at least the hinder part c 
it is in this shape; and the creature, whil 
in this state, seems to have neither legs n< 
wings, nor to have any power of walking, 
seems indeed to have hardly so much as libs 
It. takes no nourishment in this state, nor hJ 
it any organs for taking any ; and indeed i| 
posterior part is all that seems animated, th] 
having a power of giving itself some motion] 
The external covering of the chrysalis ■ 
membranaceous, and considerably large, an 
is usually smooth and gloss }- : hut scan 
of them have a few hairs: some are also a 
hairy as the caterpillars from which they ar 
produced ; and others are rough or shagreei 
ed all over. In all ot these there may I) 
distinguished two sides ; the one of which I 
the back, the other the belly of the animal 
On the anterior part of the latter, there nni] 
always be distinguished certain little eleva 
tioas running in ridges, and resembling tlij 
fillets wound about mummies: the pai 
w hence these have their origin is esteeme 
the head of the animal. 'Fhe other side, 0 
back, is smooth, and of a rounded figure i 
most of the chrysalises; but some have ridge 
on (lie anterior part, and sides of this part 
and these usually terminate in a point, an 
make an angular appearance on the clirvss 
lis. 
From this difference is. drawn the first gc 
neral distinction of these bodies. They ar 
by this divided into two classes ; the rouiii 
and the angular kinds. There are also se 
veral subordinate distinctions of these kinds 
hut, in general, they are less different fror 
one another than the caterpillars whend 
they are produced. 'Fhe head of those c 
the lirst class usually terminates itself by tw 
angular parts, which stand separate one fror 
another, and resemble a pair of horns. O 
the back, eminences and marks are discover 
ed, which imagination may form into eve: 
nose, chin, and other parts of the huma 
face. 
There are a great variety and a great dea 
of beauty in the figures and arrangement c 
the eminences and spots on the other part 
of the body of the chrysalises of ditferei 
kinds. It is a general observation, that thos 
chrysalises which, are terminated by a sing! 
horn, afford dav-butterflies of the kind 1 
those which have buttoned antennae, and th 
wings of which, in a state of rest, cover tli 
under part of their body, and which use a 
A 
