e h i\ 
C H U 
3Q2 
tients, which had its name from its fine gold- 
fellow colour, is now universally called to- 
paz by modern jewellers. 
The chrysolite is found in angular frag- 
ments, in grains, and crystallized. The pri- 
mitive form of its crystals is a right-angled 
parallelopid, whose length, breadth, and 
thickness, are as 5, ^/8, The edges of 
the prism are usually truncated. The tex- 
ture is foliated. Its tfacture is conehoidal : 
it causes double refractions, and its specilic 
gravity is from 3.265 to 3.45. Colour green, 
it is- infusible at 150 degrees, but loses its 
transparency, and becomes a blackish grey. 
With borax it melts without effervescence 
into a transparent glass of a green colour. 
There are two varieties. 
1. Common chrysolite, found in Ceylon, 
South America, and in Bohemia, amidst 
sandy gravel. Colour yellowish g een, some- 
times verging to olive-green, sometimes to 
yellow. 
2. Olive chrysolite, found commonly in 
basalt; sometimes in small grains, sometimes 
in pretty large pieces. It has not been ob- 
served in crystals : colour olive-green. The 
first variety is, according to the analysis of 
Klaproth, composed ot 
41.5 magnesia 
38.5 silica 
19 0 oxyde of iron. 
99-0 
The second is composed of 
37.58 magnesia 
50.00 silica 
11.75 oxyde of iron 
.21 lime 
99.54 
CHUYSOMELA, in zoology, a genus of 
insects with bracelet-like antenna, thickest 
towards the extremities; the body of an oval 
form, and the thorax rounded. Of this genus, 
which belongs to the order of coleoptera, 
there are 122 different species, denominated 
from the trees on which they feed, as the 
chrysomela of tansy, beech,' alder, willow, 
&c. some being of one colour, some of ano- 
ther, with a tinge of gold-colour diffused 
through it. 
CH RYSOPH YLLUM,the bully tree : 
a genus of the monogynia order, in the pen- 
tandria class of plants ; and in the natural 
method ranking under the 43d order, viz. 
dumosae. The corolla is campanuiated, de- 
cernfid, with the segments alternately a little 
patent. The fruit is a ten-seeded berry. 
There are six species, natives of the W est 
Indies. The most remarkable are: 
1. The Chrysophyllum cainito, rises thirty 
or forty feet h'gh. The flowers come out at 
the extremities of the branches, disposed in 
oblong bunches, which are succeeded by 
fruit of the size of a golden pippin, very 
rough to the palate, and astringent ; but when 
kept some time mellow, as is practised here 
with medlars, they have an agreeable fla- 
vour. 
2. Chrysophyllum glabrum, never rises to 
the height of the cainito, nor do the trunks 
grow to half the size. The flowers come out , 
clusters from the side of the branches, and 
are succeeded by oval smooth fruit, about 
the size of a bergamot pear. It contains a 
white clammy juice when fresh ; but after 
being kept a few days, it becomes sweet, 
soft, and delicious. Inclosed are four or five 
black seeds, of the size of those of a pomkin. 
Both species are often preserved in large 
stoves. 
CH RYSOPRASE. This mineral, which 
is found in several parts of Germany, is al- 
ways amorphous. Its fracture is either even 
or inclined to the splintery, with very little 
lustre ; its colour green ; specific gravity 
2.479. In a heat of 130 degrees Wedgewood, 
it whitens and becomes opaque. It is found 
by Klaproth to be composed of 
96. 16 silica 
1.00 oxide of nickel 
0.83 lime 
0.08 alumine 
0.08 oxide of iron. 
93. 15 
CHRYSOSPLEN IUM, a genus of the 
digyuia order, in the decandria class of 
plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 12th order, succulents. The 
calyx is quadriiid or qumquefid, and colour- 
ed ; no corolla ; the capsule birostrated, 
unilocular, and polyspermous. Its English 
name is golden saxifrage. There are two 
species, common in all the northern parts of 
Europe. 
CH UPMESSAIIITES, a sect of Maho- 
metans, who believed that Jesus Christ was 
God, and the redeemer of the world. 
CHURCH, the place which Christians 
consecrate to the worship of God. By the 
common law and general custom ot the realm, 
it was lawful for earls, barons, and others of 
the laity, to build churches ; but they could 
not erect a spiritual body-politic to continue 
in succession, and capable of endowment, 
without the king’s licence ; and before the 
law shall take knowledge of them as such, 
they must also have the bishop’s leave and 
consent to be consecrated or dedicated by 
him. 3 Inst. 203. 
CHURCHWARDENS, the guardians or 
keepers of the church, are persons annually 
chosen in Easter week, by the joint consent 
of the minister and parishioners, or according 
to the custom of the respective places ; to 
| look after the church and church-yard, and 
j tilings thereunto belonging. They are en- 
trusted with the care and management of the 
goods and personal property ot the church, 
which they are to order for the best advan- 
tage of the parishioners; but they have no 
interest in, or power over, the trcehold of 
the church itself, or of any land or oilier real 
property belonging to it: these are the pro- 
perty of the parson or vicar, who alone is in- 
terested in their loss or preservation. The 
churchwardens therefore may purchase goods 
and other articles for the use ot the parish ; 
they may likewise, with the assent of the pa- 
rishioners, sell, or otherwise dispose of, the 
goods of the church, but without such con- 
sent they are not authorized to alienate any 
of the property under their care. 4 Viner 
Abr. 526. 
All peers of the realm, clergymen, coun- 
sellors, attorneys, clerks in court, physicians, 
surgeons, and apothecaries, are exempt from 
serving the office of churchwardens; as is 
every dissenting teacher or preacher, in holy 
orders, or pretended holy orders. 
Bv2 Geo. III. c. 20. no serjeant, cor- 
poral, drummer, or private man, personally 
serving in the militia, during the time 
C I C 
of such service, shall be liable to serve as 
churchwarden. 
By the 10 and 11 Wm. c. 23. s. 2. persons 
who have prosecuted a felon to conviction, 
and the first assignee of the certificate there- 
of, are exempted. 
No person living out of the parish may be 
chosen churchwarden. Gibs. 215. 
CHYLE, in tiie animal economy, a 
milky fluid, secreted from the aliments by 
means of digestion. See Physiology. 
CICATRIX, in surgery, a little seam or 
elevation of callous flesh rising on the skin, 
and remaining there after the healing of a 
wound or ulcer. It is commonly called a 
scar. See Surgery. 
CICADA, the Frog-hopper, or flea- 
locust, a genus of insects belonging to the 
order of hemiptera. See Plate Nat. Hist, 
figs. 121, 122, 123. The beak is inflected ; the 
antenna; are setaceous : the four wings are 
membranaceous and deflected ; and the feet 
in most of the species, are of the jumping 
kind. The species are fifty-one. The larvae 
of several of this genus evacuate great quan- 
tities of a frothy matter upon the branches 
and leaves of plants, in the midst of which 
they constantly reside, probably for shelter 
against the search of other animals, to which 
they would become a prey. Nature has afford- 
ed this kind of defence to insects whose naked 
and soft bodies might otherwise very easily 
be injured ; perhaps also the moisture of this 
foam may serve to screen it from the sultry 
beams of the sun. On removing the foam, 
you discover the larva concealed underneath ; 
but it does not long remain uncovered. It 
soon emits fresh foam, that hides it from the 
eye of observation. It is in the midst of this 
foamy substance that the larva goes through 
its metamorphosis into a chrysalis and perfect 
insect. Other larva;, whose bodies are not 
so soft, run over plants without any manner 
of defence; and escape from insects that 
might hurt them, by the nimbleness of their 
running, but especially of their leaping. 
The chrysalids, and all the larvae that pro- 
duce them, differ little from each other, only 
that the former have the rudiments of wings, 
a kind of knob at the place where the wings 
will afterwards be in the perfect insect. In 
other respects, the chrysalids walk, leap, and 
run, over plants and trees ; as do the larva 
and the frog-hopper, which they are to pro- 
duce. At length they throw off their tegu- 
ments of chrysalids, slip their last slough, 
and then the insect appears in, its utmost state 
of perfection. The male alone is then en- 
dowed with the faculty of singing, which it 
exercises not with its throat, but with an or- 
gan situated under "the abdomen. Behind 
the legs of the male are observed two val- 
vulse, which, raised up, discover several ca- 
vities separated by various membranes. The 
middle contains a scaly triangle. Two vi- 
gorous muscles give motion to another mem- 
brane, which alternately- becomes concave 
and convex. The air, agitated by this mem- 
brane, is modified within the other cavities ; 
and by the help of this sonorous instrument, 
he amorously solicits his female. By pulling 
the muscles of a frog-hopper lately dead, it 
may be made to sing. This insect begins 
its song early in the morning, and continues 
it during the heat of the noontide sun. Its 
lively and animated music is, to the country 
people, a presage of a fine summer, a plenti- 
