C I c 
C I M 
303 
fill harvest, arid the sure return of spring. 
The cicada; have a head almost triangular, 
an oblong body, their wings fastigiated or in 
form of a root, and six legs with which they 
walk and leap pretty briskly. In the females, 
at the extremity of the abdomen, are seen 
two large lamina, between which is enclosed, 
as in a sheath, a spine, or lamina, somewhat 
serrated, which serves them for the purpose 
of depositing their eggs, and probably to 
sink them into the substance of those plants 
which the young larvae are to feed upon. 
CICCA, a genus of the tetrandvia order, 
in the monoeeia class of plants. The male 
calyx is tetraphyllous ; there is no corolla ; 
the female calyx triphylious ; no corolla ; 
four styles ; the capsule quadricoccous, or 
four-berried. There is one species, a shrub 
of the East Indies. 
CICER, the chick-pea, a genus of the de- 
candria order, in the diadelphia class of 
plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 32d order, papilionacea?. The ca- 
lyx is quinquepartite, as long as the corolla, 
with its four uppermost segments incumbent 
on the vexillum ; the legumen is rhomboidal, 
turgid, and dispermous. There is but . one 
species, which produces peas shaped like 
the common ones, but much smaller. They 
are cultivated in Spain, where they are na- 
tives, being one of the ingredients in their 
olios, as also in France; but are rarely known 
m Britain. 
CICHORIUM, succory, a genus of the 
polygamia ajqualis order, in the syngenesia 
class Of plants ; and in the natural method 
ranking under the 49th order, composite. 
The receptacle is a little paleaceous ; the ca- 
lyx calculated ; the pappus almost quinque- 
dentated, and indistinctly hairy. There are 
three species, viz. 
1. Cichorium endivia, or common endive, 
with broad crenated leaves, differs from the 
wild sort (No. 2.) in its duration, being only 
annual, whereas the wild sort is perennial. 
T his species may be considered both as an 
annual and biennial plant. If sown early in the 
spring, or even any time before the begin- 
ning of June, the plants very commonly fly 
up to seed the same summer, and perish in 
autumn. If sown in June and July they ac- 
quire perfection in autumn, continue till the 
next spring, then shoot up stalks for flower 
and seed, and soon after perish. The inner 
leaves are the useful parts. These when 
blanched white to render them crisp and ten- 
der, and reduce them from their natural 
strong taste to an agreeable bitter one, are 
then lit for use. They are valued chiefly as 
ingredients in autumn and winter salads, and 
for some culinary uses- 
2. Cichorium intybus, wild succory, grows 
naturally by the sides of roads, and in shady 
lanes. It sends out long leaves from the roots, 
from between which the stalks arise, growing 
to the height of three or four feet, and branch- 
ing out into smaller ones. The flowers come 
out from the sides of the stalks, and are of a 
fine blue colour. They are succeeded by 
oblong seeds covered, inclosed in a down. 
The roots and leaves are articles of the ma- 
teria medica. The former have a moderately 
bitter taste, with some degree of roughness ; 
the leaves are somewhat less bitter ; and the 
darker-coloured and more deeply jagged 
they are, the bitterer is their taste. Wild 
Succory is an useful detergent, aperient, and 
C 1 C 
attenuating medicine, acting without much 
irritation, tending rat her to cool than to heat 
the body ; and, at the same time, corrobo- 
rating the tone of the intestines. All the 
parts of the plant, when wounded, yield a 
milky saponaceous juice. This, when taken 
in large quantities, so as to keep up a gentle 
diarrhoea, and continued for some weeks, has 
been found to produce excellent effects in 
scorbutic and other chronical disorders. 
3. Cichorium spinosum, with a prickly 
forked stalk, grows naturally on the sea-coast 
in Sicily, and the islands ol the Archipelago. 
The flowers are of a pale blue colour, and are 
succeeded by seeds shaped like those of the 
common sorts. 
CICINDELA, the sparkler, in zoology, 
a genus of insects belonging to the order of 
coieoptera. The antenna; are setaceous ; 
the jaws are prominent, and furnished with 
teeth ; the eyes are a little prominent ; and 
the breast is roundish and marginated. There 
are 14 species. The campestris (see Plate 
Nat. Hist. fig. 124), or field sparkler, is one 
of the most beautiful of the genus. The upper 
part of its body is of a fine green colour, 
rough, and rather bluish. The under side, 
as also the legs and antenna;, are of a shot 
colour, gold and red, of a copperish cast. 
The eyes are very prominent, and give the 
head a broad appearance. The thorax is an- 
gular, and narrower than the head, which 
constitutes the character of the cicindela. It 
is rough, and of a green colour tinged with 
gold, as well as the head. The elytra are 
delicately, and irregularly dotted. Each of 
them has six white spots, viz. one on the top 
of the elytrum, at its outward angle; three 
more along the outward edge, of which the 
middlemost forms a kind of lunula ; a fifth 
on the middle of the elytra, opposite the lu- 
nula; and that one is broader, and tolerably 
round ; lastly, a sixth at the extremity of the 
elytra. There is also sometimes seen a black 
spot on the middle of each elytrum, oppo- 
site to the second white spot. The upper 
lip is also white, as is the upper side of the 
jaws, which are very prominent and sharp. 
This insect runs wjth great swiftness, and 
flies easily. It is found in dry sandy places, 
especially in the beginning of spring. In 
the same places its larva is met with, which 
resembles a long, soft, whitish worm, armed 
with six legs, and a brown scaly head. It 
makes a perpendicular round hole in the 
ground, and keep its head at the entrance of 
the hole to catch the insects that fall into it; 
a spot of ground is sometimes entirely perfo- 
rated in this manner. The insects belonging 
to this genus are in general very beautiful, 
and merit the attention of the curious in 
their microscopic observations ; some are 
minute, though not inferior in splendour, 
therefore best suited for the experiment. 
Living subjects are ever preferable to dead 
ones. The larva; of all this genus live under 
ground ; and are, as well as the perfect in- 
sects, tigers in their nature, attacking and 
destroying all they can overcome. 
CICUTA, water hemlock, a genus of the 
order digynia, in the pentandria class of 
plants, and ranking in the natural method 
under the 45th order,, umbellate. There are 
three species, viz. 
1 . Gicuta biflbifera ; 
2. Cicuta maculata ; and 
3. Cicuta vifbsa. This species is the only 
Z 'i 2 
one remarkable, and that from the poisonous 
qualities of its roots, which have been oiten 
known to destroy children who eat them for 
parsnips. 
CIDARIS, in antiquity, the mitre used 
by tile Jewish high-priests. The rabbis 
say, that the bonnet used by the priests in ge- 
neral, was made of a piece of linen cloth six- 
teen yards long, which covered their heads 
like a helmet or a turban ; and they allow no 
other difference between the high-priest’s 
bonnet, and that of other priests, than this; 
that one is flatter, and more in the form of a 
turban ; whereas that worn by ordinary 
priests rose something more in a point. A 
plate of gold was an ornament peculiar to 
the high-priest’s mitre. 
CILIA RE, or ligamentum ciliare, or ci- 
liaris processus, in anatomy, a range of 
black libres disposed circularly, having their 
rise in the inner part of the uvea, and termi- 
nating in the prominent part of the chryslal- 
line humour of the eye, w liich they surround. 
See Anatomy. 
CIM EX, or bug, in zoology, a genus of 
insects belonging to the order of hemiptera. 
(See PlateNat. Hist. figs. 125, 126, 127.) The 
rostrum is inflected. The antenna- are longer 
than the horax. The wings are folded together 
crosswise ; the upper ones are coriaceous from 
their base towards their middle. The back 
is flat ; the thorax margined. The feet are 
formed for running. This genus is divided 
into different sections, viz. 1. Those with- 
out wings. 2. Those in which the escutcheon 
is extended so far as to cover the abdomen 
and the wings. 3- The coleoptrati, whose 
elytra are wholly coriaceous. 4. Those whos* 
elytra are membranaceous : these are very 
much depressed like a leaf. 5. In which the 
thorax is armed on each side with a spine. 6. 
Those which are of an oval form, without 
spines on the thorax. 7. In which the an- 
tenna become setaceous towards their point. 
8. Those of an oblong form. 9. Those whose 
antenna; are setaceous, and as long as the 
body. 10. Those that have their thighs 
armed with spines. 11. Those whose bodies 
are long and narrow. Lin incus enumerates 
no fewer than than 12 1 species, to which 
several have been added by other naturalists. 
A very peculiar species was discovered by 
Dr. Sparman at the Cape, which he has 
named cimex paradoxus. lie observed it as 
at noontide he sought for shelter among the 
branches of a shrub from the intolerable heat 
of the sun. “ Though the air (says he) was 
extremely still and calm, so as hardly to have 
shaken an aspen leaf, yet 1 thought 1 saw a 
little withered, pale, crumpled leaf, eaten as it 
were by caterpillars, flittering from the tree. 
This appeared to me so very extraordinary, 
that I thought it worth my while suddenly u* 
quit my verdant bower in order to contem- 
plate it; and I could scarcely believe mv 
eyes, when I saw a live insect, in shape and 
colour resembling the fragment of a withered 
leaf, with the edges turned up, and eaten away 
as it were by caterpillars, and at the same 
time all over beset with prickles. Nature, by 
this peculiar form, has certainly extremely 
well defended and concealed, as in a mash, 
this insect from birds and its other diminutive 
foes ; in all probability with a view to preserve 
it, and employ it for some important office in 
the system of her economy ; a system with 
which we are too little acquainted, in general 
