C I/O 
CIO 
C L O 
may be so regulated as to measure true equal 
Rime. . 
D. 
IT. 
M. 
S. 
D. 
II. 
M. 
S. 
l 
0 
3 
56 
16 
i 
2 
54 
2 
0 
7 
52 
17 
1 
6 
50 
3 
0 
1 1 
48 
18 
1 
10 
46 
4 
0 
15 
44 
19 
1 
14 
42 
5 
0 
19 
39 
20 
1 
18 
38 
6 
0 
23 
35 
21 
1 
22 
34 
7 
0 
27 
31 
22 
1 
26 
30 
8 
0 
31 
27 
23 
1 
30 
26 
9 
0 
35 
23 
24 
1 
34 
22 
10 
0 
39 
19 
25 
1 
38 
17 
1 1 
0 
43 
15 
26 
1 
43 
13 
12 
0 
47 
11 
27 
1 
46 
9 
13 
0 
51 
7 
28 
1 
50 
5 
]4 
0 
55 
3 
29 
1 
54 
1 
15 
0 
58 
58 
30 
1 
57 
57 
i The stars make 366 revolutions from any 
point of the compass to the same point again 
in 365 days and one minute; and therefore 
they gain a 365th of a revolution every 24 
Tours of mean solar time, near enough for 
regulating any clock or watch. This acce- 
leration is at the rate of 3 min. 55 sec. 
53 thirds, 59 fourths, in 24 hours; or, in the 
nearest round numbers, 3 min. 56 sec. by 
i which quantity of time every star comes 
j round sooner than it did on the day before. 
•Therefore if you mark the precise moment 
shown by a clock or watch when any star 
vanishes behind a chimney, or any other ob- 
ject, as seen through a small hole in. a thin 
I plate of metal, fixed in a window-shutter; 
and do this for several nights successively (as 
suppose twenty); if at the end of that time the 
star vanishes as much sooner than it did the 
first night, by the clock, as answers to the. 
time denoted in the table for so many days, 
the clock goes true, otherwise not. If the 
difference between the clock and the star be 
dess than the table shows, the clock goes too 
(fast; if greater, it goes too slow, and must be 
jreguiated accordingly, by letting down or 
raising the ball of the pendulum, by little 
land little, by turning the screw-nut under the 
ball, till you find it keeps true equal time. 
(Thus, supposing the star should disappear 
[behind a chimney any night when it is 12 by 
’the clock, and that on the 20th night after- 
tvvard the same star should disappear when 
the tune is 41 min. 22 sec. past 10 by the 
clock, which being subtracted from 12 hours, 
0 min. 0 sec. leaves remaining 1 hour 18 
min. 38 sec. for the time the star is then 
{faster than the clock ; look in the table, and 
against 20, in the left hand column, you will 
find the acceleration of the star to be" 1 hour, 
|18 min. 38 sec. agreeing exactly with what 
the difference ought to be between the clock 
femd star ; which shows that the clock mea- 
sures true equal time, and agrees with the 
mean solar time, as it ought to do. 
Clock-work, extraordinary pieces of. 
Amongst the modern clocks, those at Stras- 
burg and Lyons are very eminent for the 
richness of their furniture, and the variety of 
their motions and figures. In the former, a 
cock claps his wings, and proclaims the hour ; 
gncl the angel opens a door, and salutes the 
\ irgin, and the Holy Spirit descends on her. 
See. In the latter, two horsemen encounter, 
lnd beat the hour on each other; a door 
ipejis, and there appear on the theatre the 
v irgin, with Jesus Christ in her arms ; the 
liugi, with their retinue, marching in order, 
»d presenting their gifts, two trumpeters 
sounding all the while to proclaim the pro- 
cession. M hese, however, are excelled by 
two which were lately made by English art- 
ists, and sent as a present from the East In- 
dia company to the emperor of China. 
I hese clocks are in the form of chariots, in 
which are placed, in a tine attitude, a lady, 
leaning her right hand upon a part of the 
chariot ; under which is a clock of curious 
workmanship, little larger than a shilling, 
that strikes and repeats, and goes eight 
days. Upon her finger sits a bird finely 
modelled, and set with diamonds and rubies, 
with its wings expanded in a flying posture, 
and actually flutters for a. considerable time 
on touching a diamond button below it ; the 
body of the bird (which contains part of the 
wheels that in a manner give life to it) is not 
the bigness of the 16th part of an inch. The 
lady holds in her left hand a gold tube, not 
much thicker than a large pin, on the top of 
which is a small round box, to which a cir- 
cular ornament set with diamonds not larger 
than a sixpence is fixed, which goes round 
near three hours in a constant regular mo- 
tion. Over the lady’s head, supported by a 
small lluted pillar no bigger than a quill, are 
two umbrellas': under the largest of which a 
bell is fixed, at a considerable distance from 
the clock, and seeming to have no connection 
with it; but from which a communication is 
secretly conveyed to a hammer, that regu- 
larly strikes the hour, and repeats the same 
at pleasure by touching a diamond button 
fixed to the clock below. At the feet of the 
lady is a gold dog, before which, from the 
point of the chariot, are two birds, fixed on 
spiral springs ; the wings and feathers of which 
are set with stones of various colours, and 
appear as if flying away with the chariot, 
which, from another secret motion, is con- 
trived to run in a straight, circular, or any 
other direction. A boy that lays hold of the 
chariot behind seems also to push it forward. 
Above the umbrella are flowers and orna- 
ments of precious stones, and it terminates 
with a flying dragon set in the same manner. 
The whole is of gold, lpost curiously execut- 
ed, and embellished with rubies and pearls. 
Clocks, statutes respecting. By stat. 9 
and 10. YV. III. cap. 28. § 2. no person shall 
export, or endeavour to export, out of this 
kingdom, any outward or inward box, case, 
or dial-plate, of gold, silver, brass, or other 
metal, for clock or watch, without the move- 
ment in or with every such box, ike. made 
up fit for use, with the maker’s name en- 
graved thereon; nor shall any person make 
up any dock or watch without putting his 
name and place of abode or freedom, and no 
other name or place, on every clock or 
watch, on penalty of forfeiting every such 
box, case, and dial-plate, clock and watch, 
not made up and engraved as aforesaid ; and 
20/.; one moiety to the king, the other to 
those that shall sue for the same. By stat. 17. 
Geo. III. cap. 108. an annual duty must be 
paid of 5s. for every clock or time-keeper, 
of 1 0s. for every gold watch, and 2s. 6 d. for 
every silver or metal watch, by the respec- 
tive proprietors; under the penalty of 10/. for 
neglecting to deliver lists of these articles, 
of double duty for omissions in such lists, 
and of 10/. more for not giving in. a. declara- 
tion respecting them within 14 days after 
receiving notice from the assessors. "Duties 
on docks let with houses are to be paid by 
375 
the occupiers, but when these are empty, by 
the landlords. These duties do not extend 
to such householders as are not liable to the 
house and window tax, for one dock, or one 
silver or metal watch. Clocks not worth 
more than 205. are also exempted, to occu- 
piers of houses net exceeding ten windows. 
The royal family, foreign ambassadors, ho>- 
pitals, churches, servants in husbandry, sol- 
diers, marines, sailors, and licensed watch- 
makers, pawn-brokers, and dealers in clocks 
and watches, are also exempted. These 
last must pay 2s. 6d. annually for their 
licences within London and Westminster, 
and 1.9. elsewhere, under a penalty of 5h 
This act has been since. repealed. 
CLOFF, that in which any goods are put 
for the convenience of carriage ; as the bags of 
pepper or hops, the barrels ot butter, soap,&c. 
CLOSE, in heraldry. When any bird is 
drawn in a coat of arms with its wings close 
down about it, and in a standing posture, they 
blazon it by this word close ; but if it is flying 
they call it volant. 
Close-fights, in the sea-language, such 
bulk-heads as are in a close fight put up fore 
and aft in ship, for the men to stand behind 
them secure, and tire upon the enemy ; and 
if the ship is boarded, to secure and clear the 
decks. 
CLOTH, in commerce, a manufacture 
made ofwool wove on the loom. 
The term is applicable also to other ma- 
nufactures made of hemp, flax, &c. but in a 
more particular sense it implies the web or 
tissue of woollen threads interwoven ; some 
whereof, called the warp, are extended in. 
length from one end of the piece to the other : 
the rest, called the woof, disposed across the 
first, or breadthwise of the piece. 
The best wool for the manufacturing of 
cloths are those of England and Spain,, espe- 
cially those of Lincolnshire and Segovia. To 
use those wools to the best advantage, they 
must be scoured, by putting them into a li- 
quor somewhat more than lukewarm, com- 
posed ofthree parts fair water, and one of urine.. 
After the wool has continued long enough in 
the liquor to soak, and dissolve the grease, 
it is drained and well washed in running water. 
When it feels dry, and has no smell but that 
of the sheep, is said to be duly scoured. 
After this it is hung to dry in the shade, the 
heat of the sun making it harsh and inflexible ; 
when dry, it is beaten with rods upon hurdles 
of wood, or on cords, to cleanse it from dust 
and the grosser filth ; the more it is thus beaten 
and cleansed, the softer it becomes, and 
the better for spinning. After beating, it 
must be well picked, to free it from it the rest 
of the filth that had escaped the rods. It is 
now in a proper condition to be oiled, and 
carded on large iron cards, placed slopewise.. 
Olive-oil is esteemed the best for this pur- 
pose : one-fifth of which should be used tor 
the wool intended for the woof, and a ninth 
for that designed for the warp. After the 
wool has been oiled, it is given to the spin- 
ners ; who first card it on the knee, with small 
cards, and then spin it on the wheel ; observ- 
ing to make the thread of the warp smaller 
by one-third than that of the woof, and much, 
compacter-twisted. The thread being thus 
spun, reeled, and made into skeins, that design- 
ed for the woof is wound on little tubes, pieces 
of paper, or rushes, so disposed as that they 
may be easily put into the eye of the shuttle; 
