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•full roe. In July and August multitudes of 
bleak frequent the river near Gloucester; 
some of them are as big as a small herring, 
and these the fishermen erroneously suppose 
to be the fry of tint shad. N umbers of these 
are taken near Gloucester, in those months 
only, but none of tiie emaciated shad are 
ever caught in their return. r lhe flhames 
shad does not frequent that river till the end 
of Mav or beginning of June, and is esteem- 
ed a "very coarse and insipid sort of fish. 
The Severn shad is sometimes caught in the 
Thames, though rarely, and called allis by 
the fishermen in that river. About the same 
time, or rather earlier, the variety called, 
near Gloucester, the twaite, makes its ap- 
pearance. It is taken in great numbers in 
the Severn, and is held in as great disrepute 
as the shad of the Thames. The differences 
between each variety are as follow: the true 
shad weighs sometimes 8 lb. but their gene- 
ral size is from 4 to 5 lb. The twaite, on 
the contrary, weighs from half a pound to 
12 lb. which "it never exceeds. The twaite dif- 
fers from the shad only in having one or 
more round black spots on the sides : if only 
one, it is always near the gill ; but commonly 
there are three or four, placed one under the 
other. 
5. Clupea atheriuoides has a shining line 
on each side, and small belly-fins. It is a 
native of Surinam. 
6. Clupea mystus is shaped like a sword, 
and the tins at the anus are united. It is 
found in the Indian ocean. 
7. Clupea sima has yellow fins, those of 
the belly being very small. The mouth is 
flat; the upper jaw is very short ; the body 
is of a shining silver colour ; and the fins are 
yellow. It is a native of Asia. 
8. Clupea Sinensis is very like the com- 
mon herring, but broader. It is a native of 
China, and has no teeth. 
9. Clupea sternicla has no belly fins, and 
the body is broad. It is a native of Surinam. 
10. Clupea thrissa has 28 rays in the fin at 
the anus. It is found in the Indian ocean. 
11. Clupea tropica has a wedge-like tail, 
and a white, broad, compressed body. It is 
found at Ascension island. 
CLUSIA, the balsam-tree, a genus of the 
polygamia monoecia class of plants, and in 
the natural method ranking under those 
plants the order of which is doubtful. The 
male calyx is tetraphyilous or hexaphyllous, 
with its leaflets opposite and imbricated ; the 
corolla tetrapetalous or hexapetalous ; the 
stamina numerous. The calyx and corolla 
of the female as in the male ; the nectarium 
of antherk or glandules coalited, including 
the germen. r I lie capsule is quinquelocular, 
quinquevalved, and full of pulp. There are 
six species, all natives of America. The most 
remarkable is the 
Clusia flava. It is pretty common in the 
British American islands, where the trees 
grow to the height of 20 feet, and shoot out 
many branches on every side, furnished with 
thick, round, succulent leaves placed oppo- 
site. The flowers are produced at the ends 
of the branches, each having a thick succu- 
lent cover. They are succeeded by oval 
fruit From every part of these trees there 
exudes a kind of turpentine, which is called 
in the West Indies . hag gum ; because they 
say, that when any ot' the wild hogs are 
wounded, they. repair to these trees, and rub 
Vox. I, 
C N I 
their wounded parts against the stem (ill they 
have anointed themseives with this turpen- 
tine, which heals all wounds. T lie plants 
are very tender, and in this country must be 
kept constantly in a stove. 
CLUYTIA, a genus of the gynandria or- 
der, in the dioecia class of plants, and in the 
naturahnethod ranking under ; the 38th or- 
der, triccocre. The male calyx is pentaphyl- 
lous ; the corolla pentapetafous ; the calyx 
and corolla of the female as in the male; the 
styles are three ; and the capsule is trilocular 
with a single seed. There are 10 species, 
all natives of warm climates. They are ever- 
green shrubby plants, rising six or eight feet, 
with simple leaves, and greenish-white quin- 
quepetalous flowers. They are propagated 
by cuttings in spring or summer, planting 
them in pots of light earth, plunged in a hot- 
bed. The plants must always be kept in a 
stove. 
Cluytia elutheria. Dr. Wright in his ac- 
count" of the medicinal plants of Jamaica, 
says, that this species is the same as the cas- 
carilla and elutheria of the shops. Other 
medical writers have supposed them to be 
distinct barks, and they are sold in the shops 
as different productions. Linnaeus’s croton 
cascarilla, Dr. Wright observes, is the wild 
rosemary shrub of Jamaica, the bark ot which 
has none of the sensible qualities of the cas- 
carilla. 
CLYPEOLA, treacle-mustard, a genus of 
the. siliculosa order, in the tetradynanua class 
of plants, and in the natural method ranking 
under the 39th order, siliquosse. The silicula 
is emarginated, orbiculated, compressed 
plane, and deciduous. r i here are three spe- 
cies, natives of France, Italy, and 1 the warm 
parts of Europe, but hardy enough to bear 
the winters in this country. One of them is 
an annual, and the others perennial plants ; 
they are low and herbaceous, bearing spikes 
of white flowers. 
CLYSTER. See Medicine. 
CNEORUM, ividow-ioail, a genus of the 
monogynia order, in the triandria class of 
plants," and in the natural method ranking 
under the 38th order, tricoccse. The calyx 
is tridentated ; there are three equal petals, 
and a tricoccous berry. r l here is but one 
species, a little evergreen and very orna- 
mental shrub, adorned with simple leaves, 
and tripetalous flowers of a pale yellow co- 
lour 1 . It is propagated from seeds, and re- 
quires only to be kept free from weeds. 
CNICUS, blessed thistle, a genus of the 
polygamia rcqualis order, in the syngenesia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 49th order, composite:. 
The calyx is ovate, imbricated with spinous 
branched scales, and encircled with bracteae. 
The florets are equal. There are nine spe- 
cies, of which the only remarkable one is that 
used in medicine under the name of carduus 
benedictus. Tins is an annual plant culti- 
vated in gardens : it flowers in June and 
July, and perfects its seeds in autumn. For 
medical purposes it should be gathered when 
in flower, dried in the shade, and kept in a 
very dry airy place, to prevent its rotting or 
growing mouldy, which it is very apt to do. 
The leaves have a penetrating bitter taste, 
not very strong or durable, accompanied 
with an ungrateful flavour, which they are fin 
a great measure freed from by keeping. Wa- 
ter extracts in a little time, even without 
3 B 
heat, the lighter and more grateful? parts of 
this plant ; if the digestion is continued for 
some hours the disagreeable parts are taKen 
up ; a strong decoction is very nauseous and 
offensive to the stomach. Rectified spirit 
gains a very pleasant bitter taste, which re- 
mains uninjured in the extract. r I he virtues 
of this plant are little known in the present 
practice. The nauseous decoction is some- 
times used to provoke vomiting ; and a strong 
infusion to promote- the operation of other 
emetics. 
COACH. Hackney-coaches ; commis- 
sioners are appointed to license and regulate 
them : the proprietor of each coach to pay 
10 a’. per week. Each coach is to be number- 
ed on both sides, the altering of which incurs 
a penalty of 5/. The same penalty is in- 
curred by driving or letting to hire a coach 
without a licence. Mourning-coaches and 
hearses are within the act. I he horses in 
hackney-coaches must be fourteen hands 
high. Coachmen compellable to go in the 
day ten miles; after dark, but two miles and 
a half on turnpike-roads ; to have check- 
strings, under the penalty of 5/. 
The rate for a mile or less is Is. ; from 
that to a mile and a half 1 s. fid ; and for 
each additional half-mile entered upon, 6c?. 
In reckoning by time, three-quarters ot an 
hour or less is I s ; between that and an hour 
Is. 6d. ; one hour and twenty minutes 2s. ; and 
for each additional twenty minutes entered 
upon, 6c/. For a delay of twelve hours 14s. 
6c/. ; and 6 d. for each twenty minutes over. ■ 
A coachman refusing to go, or exacting 
more than his fare, forfeits from 10s. to 31. 
By misbehaviour or impudence he incurs the 
same penalty, and subjects his licence to be 
revoked, and himself to be committed to the 
house of correction. Persons refusing to pay 
the fare, or defacing the coach, may be com- 
pelled by a justice to make satisfaction. \ he 
penalties may be recovered before the aider- 
men of the city, as justices of the peace, as 
well as before the commissioners. 4, 7, 10, 
11, 12, 24, 26, and 32 Geo. III. 
Stage-coaches. Every person keeping any 
public stage-coach shall pay annually 5s. for 
a licence ; and keeping any such public stage 
without a licence, lie shall forfeit for every 
time such carriage is used 10?. No person 
licensed shall,, by virtue of one licence, keep 
more than one carriage, on penalty of 10/. 
Every licensed stage-coach shall pay two- 
pence halfpenny for every mile it travels. 
Every person licensed shall paint, on the out- 
side pannel of each door, his Christian and 
surname, with the name of the place whence 
he sets out, and to which he is'going, on pain 
of 10/. Should he discontinue such carriage, 
he shall give seven days previous notice; and 
have such notice indorsed upon his licence, 
and thenceforth shall be no longer charge- 
able. 
Drivers of stage-coaches are not to admit 
more than one outside passenger on the box, 
and four on the roof of the coach, on the pe- 
nalty of 5v. for each passenger at every turn- 
pike-gate. 
COACHMAKER. The wares of coach- 
makers shall he examined by persons ap- 
pointed by- the sadlers’ company. 1 Jac. 
c. 22. And every coachmaker shall take 
out an annual licence Loin the excise-office, 
and pay a duty of 20 s. for every four-wheeled 
