COL 
COL 
C O L 
rom 50° to 10° 
Table of freezing-mixtures. 
Mixtures. Thermometer sinks, 
parts. 
5 Fr. 
16) 
o /-From 50 to 4 
16 S 
1 1 From 50 to 4 
n 
1 /- From 50 to 7 
1 ) 
° j From 50 to 3 
6 ) 
\ - From 50 to 10 
\S 
65 
5 / From 50 to 14 
4) 
4 | From 50 t ) 12 
9) 
6 > From 50 to 21 
4) 
t | From 50 to 0 
/Turiat of ammonia 
s’itre 
/V ater 
tluriat of ammonia 
Nitre 
lulphat of soda 
pater 
Nitrat of ammonia 
pater 
Nitrat of ammonia 
Carbonat of soda 
pater 
Snip hat of soda 
J)i luted nitric acid 
Sulpl lat of soda 
M uriat of ammonia 
Nitre 
Diluted nitric acid 
pulphat of soda 
Nitrat of ammonia 
Diluted nitric acid 
rhosphat of soda 
Diluted nitric acid 
Phosphat of soda 
Nitrat of ammonia 
Diluted nitric acid 
Sulphat of soda 
Muriatic acid 
Sulphat of soda 
5 l 
Dil uted sulphuric acid 4 5 
From 50 to 3 
pnow 
Common salt 
Muriat of lime 
pnow 
Potash 
pnow 
pnow 
diluted sulphuric acid 
now or pounded ice 2 < From 0 to _ 5 
| | From 32 to 0 
^ | F rom 32 
f | From 32 to 
•to 50 
51 
From 20 to — 60 
Common salt 
and diluted nit. acic 
uriat of lime 
mow 
snow or pounded ice 1 
ommon salt 
1 uriat of ammonia 
and nitre 
|S now, 
diluted sulphuric acid _ 
iluted nitric acid 1 ) 
mow or pounded ice 12*> 
’nmmnn K v T<V 
ill 
acic 
V I iY/n — y jo — 1 
From 0 to — 46 
rom 0 to — 66 
From — 5 to — 18 
A 
2 l 
1 V F rom — 10 to — . 
56 
-18 to —25 
Common salt 5 ; From 
Nitrat of ammonia 5 j 
iM uriat of lime 3 ) T . 
, } I* rom 
Snow 1 ) 
Diluted sulphuric acid 10 ) From _ 68to _ 9 l . 
Snow 8 ) 
-40 to —73 
In order to produce these effects, the salts 
Employed must be fresh chrystallized, and 
newly reduced to a very fine powder. The 
{vessels in which the freezing mixture is made 
should be very thin, and just large enough to 
hold it, and the materials ‘should be mixed to- 
gether as quickly as possible. 
Cold, in medicine, is found to be pro- 
ductive of inflammatory disorders, as coughs, 
pleuresies, peripneumonies, rheumatic pains, 
consumptions, Sic. See Medicine. 
COLDENIA, a genus of the tetragynia 
order, in the tetrandria class of plants ; and 
in the natural method ranking among those 
of the dubious order. The calyx is tetra- 
phyllous ; the corolla funnel-shaped ; the 
styles four ; the nuts four with a fungous rind. 
There is but one species, a native of India. 
It is an annual plant, whose branches trail on 
the ground, extending about six inches from 
the root. They are adorned with small blue 
flowers growing in clusters, which come out 
from the wings of the leaves. 
COLEOPTERA, among zoologists, the 
first order of insects, comprehending all diose 
with four wings, the external pair of which 
are hard, rigid, and opalce, and form a kind 
of case for the interior pair : add to this, 
that the mouth consists of two transverse 
jaws. 
According to the Linnaean system, there 
are about 56 genera in this order, and in 
forming them special care is had to the an- 
tennae. They are thus arranged, in Linnaeus’s 
general system. 
1 . A. a Club lamellate ; scarabicus, lucanus, 
synodendron. 
2. b. Club perfoliate ; dermestes, melvris, 
byrrhus, silpha, tritoma, hydrophilus, tetra- 
lofna. 
3. Club solid or inflated. Hister, bostri- 
chus, anthrenus, nitidula, coccinella, curcu- 
lio, pausus, 
4. B„ Antennae moniliform ; brentus, attela- 
bus, erodius, staphylinus, zygia, meloe, te- 
nebrio, cassida, opatrum, mordella, chryso- 
mella, horia. 
5. C. Antennae filiform ; apalus, mante- 
cora, pimelea, gyrinus, cucujus, cryptoce- 
phalus, bruchus, ptinus, hispa, buprestes, ne- 
cydales, lampyris, cantharis, noloxus elater, 
calopus, alurnus, carabus lytta. 
6. D. Antennae setaceous ; serropalpus, 
cerambyx, septura, rhenomacer, zoniles, cu- 
cindela, dytiscus, forficula. 
These animals are known, in English, by 
the general name of beetles; whereof authors 
have established (as above) 56 genera, from 
the different figures of their antennae, or horns, 
and other general distinctions; such are the 
scarabicus, or beetle, properly so called, the 
dermestes, and the several other genera as 
above noted. 
COLIC, a severe pain in the lower venter, 
so called because the disorder was formerly 
supposed to be seated in the colon. See 
Medicine. 
COLISEUM, or Coliseum, in antient 
architecture, an oval amphitheatre at Rome, 
built by Vespasian, wherein were statues 
representing all the provinces of the em- 
pire ; in the middle of which stood that of 
Rome, holding a golden apple in her hand. 
This structure was so large, that it would hold 
near 100,000 spectators. When Titus dedi- 
cated it, he sacrificed above 4000 beasts of dif- 
ferent kinds. 
COLLAR, in Roman antiquity, a sort of 
chain put generally round the neck of slaves 
that had run away, after they were taken, with 
an inscription round it, intimating their being 
deserters, and requiring their being restored 
to their proper owners, &c. 
Collar, in a modern sense, an ornament 
consisting of a chain of gold, enamelled, fre- 
quently set with cyphers and other devices, 
with the badge. of the order hanging at the 
bottom ; worn by the knights of several mili- 
tary orders over their shoulders, on the man- 
tle, and its figure drawn round their armo- 
■ 
3S9 
ries. Thus, the collar of the order of the 
garter consists of SS, with roses enamelled 
red, within a garter enamelled blue, and the 
George at the bottom. 
Collar of a ship, a rope fastened about 
her beak-head, into which the dead-man’s- 
eye is seized, that holds her main-stay. Also 
the rope which is wound about the main-mast 
head, to save the shrouds from galling, is also 
called a collar. See Dead mans’ eye, 
CoLLAR-/>mm, in architecture, a beam 
framed cross betwixt two principal ratters. 
Collar of a plough, an iron ring fixed on 
the middle of the beam, wherein are inserted 
the tow and bridle chains. See Plough. 
COLLATERAL point, in cosmography, 
the intermediate points of those between the 
cardinal points. 
Collateral, those relations which pro- 
ceed from the same slock, but not in the same 
ascendants or descendants. Thus uncles, 
aunts, nephews, nieces, and cousins, are col- 
laterals, or in the same collateral line: those 
in a higher degree, and nearer the common 
root, represent a kind of paternity with regard 
to those more remote. 
Collateral, in a legal sense, is taken for 
any thing that hangs by the side of another, 
to which it relates ; as a collateral assurance 
is that Instrument which is made over and 
above the deed itself, for live performance of 
covenants between man and man ; thus called 
as being external, and without the nature and 
essence of the covenant. 
COLLATION, in the canon law, the giv- 
ing or bestowing of a benefice on a clergy- 
man by a bishop, who has it in his own gift 
or patronage. This differs from presentation ; 
the latter being properly the act of a patron, 
offering the clerk to the bishop, to be insti- 
tuted into a benefice, whereas the former is 
the act of the bishop himself. The collator 
can never confer a benefice on himself. 
Collation, in common law, the compa- 
rison or presentation of a copy with its original, 
to see whether or not it is conformable ; or 
the report or act of the officer who made the 
comparison. A collated act is equivalent to 
its original, provided all the parties concern- 
ed were present at the collation. 
COLLATIONE facta uni post mortem 
altcrius, a writ to the justices of the common 
pleas, commanding them to issue their writ 
to the bishop, for the admitting of a clerk in 
the place of another presented by the king ; 
such other clerk, during the suit between the 
king and the bishop’s clerk, being dead. 
COLLEGATORY, in the civil law, a 
person who has a legacy left him in common 
with one or more other persons. If the thing 
is bequeathed in solido, the portion of the 
deceased collegatory accrues to the rest. 
COLLEGE, an assemblage of several bo- 
dies or societies, or of several persons into 
one society. 
College, among the Romans, served indif- 
ferently for those employed in the offices of 
religion, of government, the liberal and even 
mechanical arts, and trades; so that, with 
them, the word signified what we call a cor- 
poration or company. Each of these col- 
leges had distinct meeting-places or halls ; 
and likewise, in imitation of the state, a trea- 
sury and common chest, a register, and one 
to represent them upon public occasions, 
and acts of government. These colleges had 
the privilege of manumitting slaves, of being 
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