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424 
CON 
CON 
CTON 
rally accounted poisonous ; which ft doubt - 
les> is. in a high degree, when used in any 
considerable quantity. Put Dr. Stoerk lias 
lately found, that in certain small doses it 
maybe taken with great safety; and that, 
without disordering the constitution, it some- 
times proves a powerful resolvent in obsti- 
nate disorders, in scirrlms, the internal and 
external use of hemlock, has been found use- 
ful, but mercury has been generally used at 
the same time. In open cancer, it often 
abates the pains, and is free from the consti- 
pating effects of opium. It is likewise used 
in scrophiilous tumours and ulcers in general. 
It is also recommended by some in chin- 
cough and other diseases. Its common and 
perhaps best form is that of the powdered 
leaves, in the dose at first of two or three 
grains a day, which in some cases has been 
gradually increased to upwards of two' ounces 
without producing giddiness. An extract 
from the seeds is said to produce giddiness 
sooner than that from t lie leaves. Ilence, 
while both the London and Edinburgh col- 
leges have given a place to the succus spis- 
g'atus cicutce, into the pharmacopoeia ot the 
latter an extradum seminum cicutce is also 
introduced. 
3. Conimn tenuifolium, w ith striated seeds, 
differs from the last in having taller stalks, 
which are not so much spotted. r I he leaves 
are much narrower, and of a paler green ; 
and this difference is constant. It is a bien- 
nial plant, and grows naturally in Germany. 
CONJUNCTION, in astronomy, the 
meeting of two stars or planets in the same 
degree of the zodiac. 
Conjunction, in grammar, an inde- 
clinable word or particle, which serves to 
join words and sentences together, and 
thereby shews their relation or dependance 
one upon another. 
CONJUGATION. To use conjuration, 
witchcraft, &c. was made felony by the 1st 
Jac. I. c. 12. ; but that superstitious statute 
having produced many pernicious effects, it 
was wisely repealed by the 9th Ceo. 11. c. 5., 
wherein "it is enacted, that no prosecution, 
suit, or proceeding, shall be commenced or 
carried on against any person for witchcraft, 
sorcery, enchantment, or conjuration, or 
for charging another with any such offence, 
in any court whatsoever. But, by the same 
statute, if any person shall pretend to exer- 
cise or use any kind of witchcraft, sorcery, 
enchantment, or conjuration, or undertake to 
tell fortunes, or pretend from his skill or 
knowledge in any occult or crafty science 
to discover where or in vvliat manner any 
goods or chattels supposed to have been 
stolen or lost maybe found; every person 
so offending, being convicted qn indictment 
or information, shall suffer imprisonment for 
a year without bail or mainprize ; and once 
in' each quarter of the year, in some market- 
town of the proper county, upon the market- 
day there, stand openly on the pillory for 
one hour; and shall also (if the court by 
which such judgment shall be given shall 
think fit) be obliged to give sureties for his 
good behaviour, in such sum and for such 
time as the court shall judge proper, accord- 
ing to the circumstances of the offence; and 
insuch case shall be further imprisoned till 
such sureties shall be given. 4 Black. 60. 
CONNARUS, Ceylon sumach, a genus 
of the decandria order in the nionadelphia 
class of plants, and m the natural method 
ranking with those of which the order is 
doubtful. The stigma is simple ; the capsule 
bivalved, unilocular, and monospermous. 
There are four species ; the most remark- 
able is: 
Ccnnarus monocarpus, a native of India. 
It rises with a ligneous stalk tight or ten feet 
high, w hich is hard, rigid, and covered with 
a black bark ; and divides upward into two 
or three branches with trifoliate leaves, hav- 
ing long footstalks placed alternate. It is 
propagated by cuttings, and is treated iike 
Other tender exotics. 
CONN1.VENT valves, in anatomy, those 
wrinkles, cellules, and vascules, which are 
found in the inside of the two great intestines, 
the ileum and jejunum. 
CONOID, in geometry, a solid body, ge- 
nerated by the revolution of a conic section 
about its axis. See Conic Sections. 
Conoid, elliptical, is a solid formed by 
the revolution ot an ellipsis about one of its 
diameters, and more generally called a sphe- 
roid. 
Conoid, parabolical, is generated by the 
revolution of a parabola about its axis. 
Conoid, hyperbolical, is generated by 
the revolution of an hyperbola about its 
axis: 
CONOIDES, in anatomy, a gland found 
in the third ventricle of the brain, called pi- 
nealis from its resemblance to a pine-apple. 
Descartes fixed the seat of the rational soul 
in t his gland. 
CONORS, in zoology, a genus of insects 
belonging to the order diptera ; the charac- 
ters of which are: the rostrum is porrected 
and jointed like a knee; the antennae termi- 
nate" by a fiat and solid articulation, resemb- 
ling the bowl of a spoon, with a lateral 
bristle, which, when closely examined, ap- 
pears to be very hairy. Of this genus there 
are thirteen species. 
1. The calcitrans is to be found every 
where, especially in autumn, when if harass- 
es the horses, and draws blood from them 
with its £ting. 
2. The macrocephala might at first sight 
be mistaken for a species of wasp. It is 
smooth ; the forepart of the head is lemon- 
colour, as are the poisers; the feet are dun- 
coloured ; the thorax is variegated with black 
and reddish dun : the same takes place with 
respect to the segments of the abdomen, 
some of which are edged with lemon-colour, 
chiefly the second and part of the third to- 
wards the sides: the wings are brown, water- 
ed, and clouded. This beautiful conops is 
found in meadows. The eleven other spe- 
cies are not deserving particular notice. 
CONSANGUINITY, or kindred, is the 
connection or relation of persons descended 
from the same stock or common ancestor ; 
and is either lineal or collateral. Lineal con- 
sanguinity is that which subsists between 
persons, of w : hom one is descended in a di- 
rect line from the other ; as grandfather, fa- 
ther, and son. Collateral consanguinity is 
that which subsists between persons descend- 
ed from the same common ancestor, but not 
from one another ; as brothers, uncles, and 
nephews. 2 Black. 204. 
Consanguinity terminates in the sixth and 
seventh degree, except in the succession 
of the crown, in which case it is continued to 
infinity. Marriage is prohibited by the 
church to the fourth degree of consanguinity 
inclusive; but by the law of nature, consan- 
guinity is no obstacle to marriage, except in 
the direct line. 
The civilians call f rut res consanguinei, 
those born of the same father, in opposition 
to frutres utcrini, who are only born of the 
same mother. It is the common opinion 
that (lie former was not allowed to complain 
of an inofficious testament, that is, of being 
disinherited without cause, except from 
the turpitude of the person appointed heir in 
their place. 
CONSCRIPT, conscriptus, in Roman an- 
tiquity, an appellation given to the senators 
of Rome, who were called conscript fathers 
on account of their names being entered all 
in one register. 
CONSECRATION, among medalists, is 
the ceremony of the apotheosis of an empe- 
ror. The consecration on medals is repre- 
sented thus: on one side is the emperor’s 
head, crowned with laurel, and sometimes 
veiled, and the inscription gives him the 
title div vs ; on the reverse is a temple or 
altar, or an eagle taking flight toward hea- 
ven ; and sometimes the emperor is seen in 
the air, borne up by the eagle ; the inscrip- 
tion always CONS ECRATIO. 
CONSEQUENT of a ratio, in mathema- 
tics, the latter of the two terms of a ratio, 
or that to which the antecedent is compared ; 
thus in m:n, or m to n, n is the consequent, 
and m the antecedent, bee Ratio, and Pro- 
portion. 
CONSEQUENTIAL losses or damages, 
in law. It is a fundamental principle -of law 
and reason, that he w ho does the first wrong, 
shall answer for all the consequential dama- 
ges. 12 Mod. 639- But this admits of limi- 
tation. Though a man do a lawful thing, 
yet, if any damage thereby befal another, he 
shall answer if he could have avoided it. 
CONSERVATOR, an officer ordained 
for the security and preservation of the pri- 
vileges of some cities and communities, hav- 
ing a commission to judge of and determine^ 
the differences among them. 
In most catholic universities there are two 
conservators; one of whom decides the dif- 
ferences between the regents, students, &c. 
and the other takes cognizance of spiritual 
matters between ecclesiastics: the former 
is called conservator of royal privileges, or 
those granted by kings ; the latter is called 
the conservator of apostolical privileges, or 
those granted by the pope. 
Conservator of the peace, in our an- 
tient customs, a person who had a special 
charge to keep the king’s peace. The cham- 
berlain of Chester is still a conservator in 
that county ; and petty constables are, by 
the common law, conservators, &c. of the 
king’s peace. 
Conservator of the truce and safe-con- 
ducts, an officer formerly appointed by the 
king’s letters patent, whose business it was to 
to make enquiry of all offences committed 
against the king’s truce and safe-conducts 
upon the main seas out of the liberties of the 
cinque-ports. 
C O N S E R V ATORIOS are musical schools 
established for the instruction of children in 
music. There are four of these at Venice, 
designed for the education of girls, and three 
at Naples for the instruction of boys. 
CON SIDERATION, is the material cause 
