416 
c o u 
tiial, they are entitled to the assistance of a 
counsel. 4 Black. 335. 
COl NS Is I. BOB, or Counsel, one re- 
< ained by a client, to plead his cause in a court 
ot judicature. A counsellor in law retained, 
has a privilege to enforce any thing which 
he is informed of by his client,' and to give it 
in evidence, it being pertinent to the matter 
m question, and not to examine whether it is 
true or false; but it is at the peril of him who 
informs him; for a counsellor is at his peril 
to give in evidence, that which his client in- 
forms lum, being pertinent to the matter in 
question, otherwise action upon the case lies 
against him by his client. Cro. Jac. 90. 
I he fees to counsellors are not in the nature 
of wages or pay, or that which we cal! salary 
Oi hue; ftnich are duties certain, and grow 
due by contract for labour or service ; but 
what is given them, is honorium, not merces ; 
bemg a gilt, which gives honour as well to the 
tukei as the giver: nor is it certain or con- 
ti acted; tor no price or rate can be set upon 
counsel, which is invaluable and inestimable, 
so as it is more or less according to the cir- 
cumstances, namely, the ability of the client, 
the worthiness ot the counsellor, the weight- 
mess ot the cause, and the custom of the coun- 
try* It is a gift of such a nature, that the 
a ble client may not neglect to give it, with- 
out ingratitude, for if is but a gratuity or 
token ot thankfulness : yet the worthy coun- 
sellor may not demand it without doino- 
wrong to his reputation. Brief, to Dav" 
Rep. 22, 23. 
COUNT, comes, a nobleman who possesses 
a domain erected into a county. The cli<r- 
nity is a medium between that of a duke ami 
a baron. See Earl. Counts were originally 
louls ot the court, or ot the emperor’s re- 
tinue, and had their name comites a comi- 
tando. Eusebius tells ns, that Constantine 
divided them into three classes : of the two 
first the senate was composed : those of the 
thud had no place in the senate, but enjoyed 
several other privileges of senators. There 
are counts that served on land, others at 
si a , some in a civil, and some in a legal ca- 
pacity. i he quality ot count is now no more 
t‘*an a title which a king grants upon erecting 
a territory into a county, with a reserve of 
jurisdiction and sovereignty to himself. A 
count has a right to bear on his arms a coronet 
adorned with three precious stones, and sur- 
mounted with three large pearls, whereof 
those in (he middle and extremities of the co- 
ronet advance above the rest. 
Count, in law, signifies the original decla- 
ration of -complaint in a real action, as a de- 
claration is in a personal one. 
.'Count-wheel, in the striking part of a 
flock, a wheel which moves round once in 
twelve or twenty-four hours. 
COUN l ER-APPROACHES, in fortifica- 
tion, lines and trenches made by the besieged 
in order to attack the works of the besiegers, 
or to hinder their approaches. 
Counter-approach, line of, a trench 
which the besieged make from their covered 
way to the right and left of the attacks, in or- 
der to scour the enemies’ works. This line 
must 1 m* perfectly enfiladed from the covered 
way and the half-moon, that it may be of no 
service to the enemy, in case lie gets posses- 
sion of il. 
Counter-ratterv, is a battery raised to 
play upon another to dismount the guns. 
c o u 
c o u 
Counter-bond, a bond of indemnifica- 
tion given to one w ho has given his bond as a 
security tor another’s payment of a debt, or 
tne faithful discharge of his office or trust. 
Counter-charged, in heraldry, is when 
any field or charge is divided or parted by 
any line or lines of partition, consisting all in- 
terchangeably of the same tinctures. 
Counter-deed, a secret writing either 
before a notary or under a private seal, which 
destroys, invalidates, or alters, a public one. 
Counterfeits, in our law, are persons 
that obtain any money or goods by counter- 
feit letters or false tokens ; who, being con- 
victed before justices of assize or of the 
peace, t>cc. are to suffer such punishment as 
shall be thought fit to be inflicted under 
death, as imprisonment, pillory, &c. 
Counter-faced, or Contre-face' in 
heraldry, is the same that we call harry per 
pale counterchanged ; but then the number of 
panes into which the field is divided, is al- 
ways specified. 
Counter-foil, or Counter-stock in 
the exchequer, that part of a tally which is 
kept by an officer of the court. 
Counter-forts, spurs or buttresses serv- 
ing as props to a wall subject to bulge or be 
thrown down. 
Counter-fugue, a fugue in which the 
subjects move m contrary directions. 
Counter-gage, in carpentry, a method 
med in measuring the joints, for example, 
they transfer the breadth of a mortis to the 
place in the timber where the tenon is to be, 
in order to make them lit each other. 
Counter-guard, in fortification, is a 
woriv raised before the point of a bastion, 
consisting of two long faces parallel to the 
faces of the bastion, making a saliant angle : 
they are sometimes ot other shapes, or other- 
wise situated. 
Countermand, in the English law, is 
where a thing before executed is by some act 
or ceremony afterwards made void by the 
party that did it. 
Countermarch, in military affairs, "a 
change of the face or wings of a battalion 
by which means those that were in the front 
come to be in the rear. It also signifies re- 
turning or marching back again. 
Counter-mark, a mark put upon goods 
that have been marked before. It is also 
used for the several marks put upon goods 
belonging to several persons, to shew that 
they must not lie opened but in the presence 
of them all or their agents. In goldsmith’s 
work, the counter-mark is the mark punched 
upon the work at the hall, to shew that the 
metal is standard. 
Counter-mark of a medal is a mark added 
o it a long time after its being struck. It is 
sometimes an emperor’s head, sometimes a 
cornucopia, &c. Counter-marks are distin- 
guished from the monograms in this, that 
being struck after the medal, they are in- 
dented ; whereas the monograms being struck 
at the same time with the medals, have a 
little relievo. 
Counter-mine, in war, a well and gal- 
k ry diiven and sunk till it meets the enemy’s 
mine, to prevent its effect. 
Counter-paled, contre-palle, in herald- 
ry, is when the escutcheon is divided into 12 
pales parted per fosse, the two colours beino* 
counterchanged ; so that the upper are of 
one colour, and the lower of another. 
Counter-part, in music, denotes on n 
part to be applied to another. Thus the 
bass is said to be a counterpart to the treble, 
in law, it is the duplicate or copy of any in- 
denture or deed. 
. Counter-passant, is when two lions are 
m a coat oi arms, and the one seems to go 
quite the contrary way from the other. 
Counter-plea, in law, a cross or con- 
tiaiy plea ; particularly such as the demand- 
ant alleges against a tenant in courtesy or 
dower, who prays the king’s aid, &c. for Ins 
defence. 
Counterpoint, in music, the act of 
combining and modulating consonant sounds. 
Ibis branch of musical practice derives iis 
name from the points formerly employ ed in 
composition instead of notes, and may be 
understood point against point, or note against 
note. 1 his was the primitive state of coun- 
terpoint, which has since been called plain or 
simple counterpoint, in contradistinction to 
the modern figured or florid counterpoint, in 
which, for the purpose of beautifying the 
melody and enriching the general effect, 
many notes in succession are frequently set 
m one part against a single note in another! 
Counter-quartered, in heraldry, de- 
notes the escutcheon, after being quartered, 
to have each quarter again divided into two. ’ 
Counter-salient, is when two beasts 
are borne in a coat leaping from each other 
directly the contrary wav. 
Counterscarp, in fortification, is pro- 
perly the exterior talus or slope of the ditch- 
but it is often taken for the covered wav and 
I , 10 1° (fits sense we say, the enemy 
have lodged themselves on 'the counter- 
scarp. 
Counterscarp, angle of the, is that 
made by the two sides of the counterscarp 
meeting before the middle of the curtin. 
Countersigning, the signing the writ- 
ing ot a superior m quality of secretary. Thus 
charters are signed by the king, and coun- 
tersigned by a secretary of state or lord chan- 
cellor. 
Counter-swallowtail, in fortification, 
an outwork in form of a single tenaille, wider 
at the gorge than the head. 
( ountf.r-tenor, high tenor, a term ap- 
plied to (he highest natural male voice. 
Counter-tripping, is when two beasts 
aie borne in a coat in a walking posture, the 
bead ot the one being next the tail of the 
other. 
Counters in a ship, are two. 1. The 
hollow arching from the gallery to the lower 
pait of the straight piece of the stern, is call- 
ed the upper counter. 2. The lower count- 
er is between the transom and the lower part 
of the gallery. 1 
COUNTY, in geography, originally sfo- 
mfieu the territory of a count or ear], but 
now it is used in the same sense with shire, 
and contains a circuit or portion of the realm, 
mto which the whole land is divided, for (lie 
better government of it, and the more easy 
administration of justice; so that there is no 
part of this nation which is not within some 
county ; and every county is governed by an 
annual officer, whom we call a sheriff. 'For- 
tescue, c. 24. See Sheriff*. 
Counties palatine, are those of Ches- 
ter, Durham, anil Lancaster. Of these 
