C R A 
C R A 
C R A 
451 
the crane is not immediately contiguous to 
the jib ; although, where it is, it would certain- 
ly be very convenient and economical. 
Notwithstanding, however, tiie advantages 
which have, been enumerated, Mr. White’s 
crane is subject to this objection, that it de- 
rives less use than might be wished from the 
weight of the man or men : for a great part 
of that weight (half of it, if the inclination 
be 30 degrees) lies directly upon the plane, 
and has no tendency to produce motion. 
Besides, when this crane is of small dimen- 
sions, the effective power of the men is very 
unequal, and the barrel too small for wind- 
ing a thick rope : w hen large, the weight of 
the materials added to that of the men put 
it out of shape, and give it the appearance of 
a large unwieldy moving floor. 
Fig. 3 represents a crane in common use, 
in situations where no building is wanted 
over it. A B is a strong upright shaft, work- 
ing through a collar in the timber-floor of the 
wharf, and on a pivot in the bottom of a 
well, some feet below it. D E are the tim- 
bers forming the jib to support the pulley I 
over which the chain passes. G H I is a cast 
iron cross bolted to the framing at two of 
its extremities : another cross fixed in the 
same manner to the other side, makes a frame 
for the wheels K, L, M, N. K is a pinion 
with 15 teeth : the ends of its spindle O pass 
through the cross, and are squared for winch 
handles by which it turned. This works 
into the wheel L of 22 teeth, its spindle P, 
and has also square ends for the winches. It 
has a pinion N of 7 teeth upon it, which 
works the wheel M of 100 teeth, fixed to 
the roll on which the- chain winds, whose 
spindle is q . This crane has the advantage 
of traversing a whole circle, which for many 
purposes is very useful. It has several dif- 
ferent powers by men working at winches 
put on the different spindles separately or 
combined. Whenihe man works by the spindle 
P, the pinion K is thrown out of gear by slid- 
ing its spindle along, and when lie works by 
tiie spindle Q, the wheels Kami L are thrown 
out. This is prevented from happening ac- 
cidentally by a collar on each spindle acting 
against a double clep R, fig. 4. moving on 
a centre at S, and is made to act by the 
weight T : when this weight is lifted up, 
both spindles are at liberty to be slid along. 
In figure 5, is shewn the method, in common 
Use, of slinging a large block of stone, by 
which the necessity of passing the chain un- 
der it is avoided. 
Fig. 6 is a simple and effective crane at 
a wharf on the banks of the Thames, between 
Greenwich and Woolwich. ABC are three 
upright posts connected at the top by a tri- 
angular frame, across the middle of which is 
a beam D, between this and a block on the 
ground the jib plays: on each side of the 
upright shaft E, two bars F G are bolted, 
spreading out as they recede from it to re- 
ceive the wheel H ; I I are braces to support 
the bars. At that part where the braces are 
bolted to the upright, an horizontal frame K 
is fixed for carrying the roll and winch : the 
rope which winds round this goes over the 
pulley L, and round the large wheel H. 
The rope which lifts the goods winds on 
each end of the axle of this wheel ; and the 
middle of it passes through a pulley-block 
<), to which the goods are hooked. 
Fig. 7 is a crane used at several of the 
wharfs belonging to the Grand-junction ca- 
nal company at Paddington ; the frame of it 
is the same as fig. 6. A is the main shaft. 
B B are the horizontal bars of greater length 
than usual, bolted to the shaft A, near the 
middles, and having two struts (EE and FF) 
at each end, which makes this kind of jib 
very strong. The wheel G is placed at the 
short end of the jib ; and the rope which 
winds round its axis, passes over pulleys FI 
at the other end. 
Crane-likes, in a ship, are lines going 
from the upper end of the spritsail-topmast 
to the middle of the fore-stays. They serve 
to keep the spritsail-topmast upright and 
steady in its place, and to strengthen it. 
CRANICHIS, a genus of the class and 
order gynandria decandria. The essential 
character is, nectary galeated. There are 
five species. 
CRANIO LARLA, a genus of the angio- 
spermia order, in the didynamia class of 
plants; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 40th order, personate. The calyx 
of the flower is double, the under one tetra- 
phyllous, the upper one a monophyllous 
spatha ; the tube of the corolla very "long; 
the capsule almost the same with that of the 
martynia. There is one species, a native of 
New Spain, not possesssedof any remarkable 
property. 
CRANK, a contrivance in machines, in 
manner of an elbow, only of a square form, 
projecting from a spindle, and serving by its 
rotation to raise and fall the pistons of" en- 
gines. 
Crank likewise denotes the iron support 
for a lantern, and also the iron, made fast to a 
stock of a bell for ringing it. In the sea- 
language, a ship is said to be crank-sided 
when she can bear but small sail, for fear of 
oversetting; and when a ship cannot be 
brought on the ground without danger, she 
is said to be crank by the ground. 
CRANZIA, a genus of the pentandria 
monogynia class and order: The calyx is 
five-parted, petals live ; nect. none ; berry 
cr berried caps. There is one species, a 
native of the East Indies. 
CRAPE, a light transparent stuff, in man- 
ner of gauze : made of raw silk gummed and 
twisted on the mill, woven without crossing, 
and much used in mourning. Crapes are 
either craped (i.e. crisped), or smooth ; the 
first double, expressing a closer mourning ; 
the latter single, used for that less deep. 
The white is reserved for young people. 
The silk destined for the first is more twisted 
than that for the second; it being the greater 
or less degree of twisting, especially of the 
warp, which produces the crisping given it 
when taken out of the loom, steeped in clear 
water, and rubbed with a piece of wax for 
the purpose. Crapes are all dyed raw. 
The invention of this stuff came originally 
from Bologna; but, till of late years, '"Lyons 
is said to have had the chief manufacture of it. 
CRASPEDIA, a genus of the class and 
order syngenesia polygamia segregata. The 
calyx is imbricate. Florets in depressed 
bundles, down feathered, recept. chaffy. 
There is one species, a native of New Zea- 
land. 
CRASSULA, lesser orpine, or live-ever; 
a genus of the pentagynia order, in the pen- 
tandria class of plants; and in tiie natural 
3 L 2 
method ranking under the 13th. order, suc- 
culente. The calyx is pentaphyllous ; the 
petals five, with five nectariferous scales at 
the base of the germen, and five capsules: 
There are 64 species, all of them natives of 
warm climates. Several of them are culti- 
vated in this country, but require the as- 
sistance of artificial heat for their preser- 
vation. They rise from one foot to six or 
eight in height, and are ornamented with 
oblong, thick, succulent leaves, and tunnel- 
shaped pentapetalous flowers of a scarlet, 
white, or greenish colour. They are propa- 
gated by offsets or cuttings; and must-be 
potted in light sandy compost, retained in 
a sunny part of the greenhouse all winter, 
and very sparingly watered. In summer 
they may be placed in the full air in a shel- 
tered place, and in dry weather watered 
twice a week. 
CRATiEGUS, wild service-tree, haw- 
thorn, &c. a genus of the digynia order, -in 
the icosandria class of plants ; and in the na- 
tural method ranking under the 36th order, 
pomaceax The calyx is quinquefid; the 
petals five; the berry inferior, dispermous. 
There are 23 species, all of the tree and 
shrub kind, hardy, and deciduous. Those 
most valuable for economical and ornament- 
al purposes in gardening are the following ; 
1. The oxycantha, hawthorn, or white 
thorn, grows naturally all over Europe. In 
the state in which we are used to observe 
it, it is nothing better than a tall, uncouth, 
irregular shrub ; but trained up as a stand- 
ard, it swells to a large timber size, with a 
tall stem and a full spreading head. The 
standard-hawthorn, whether we view its 
flowers in the spring, its foliage in the sum- 
mer, or its fruit in the autumn or winter, is 
one of the most ornamental plants, standing 
singly, that can be scattered over a park or 
lawn. 
The common hawthorn sports in the fol- 
lowing varieties : the large scarlet hawthorn ; 
the yellow hawthorn ; the white hawthorn ; 
the maple-leaved hawthorn ; the double* 
blossomed hawthorn ; the Glastonbury thorn. 
1 he last of these differs in no respect f om 
the common hawthorn, only that it some- 
times flowers in the winter. It is said to 
have originally been the staff of Joseph of 
Arimathea, who, attended by eleven com- 
panions, came over into Britain, and founded, 
in honour of the Blessed Virgin, the first 
Christian church in this isle. As a proof of ^ 
his mission, he is said to have stuck his staff 
into the ground, which -immediately siiot 
forth and bloomed. This tree is falsely said 
to have blossomed on Christmas day ever 
since, and is universally distinguished by the 
name of the Glastonbury thorn. 
2. The aza roles, or parsley-leaved thorn, 
is a native of Italy and the south of France, 
ft will grow to be fifteen or sixteen feet high, 
'The leaves are large, nearly trifid, serrated, 
and obtuse. The flowers are large, come 
out in May, and in the different varieties are 
succeeded by fruit of different size, shape, 
and relish. The principal varieties of this 
species are: the azarole with strong thorns; 
Ihe azarole with no thorns ; the jagged- 
leaved azarole; the oriental medlar. 
3. The aria, called the white-beam tree, 
is a native of most of the cold countries of 
Europe. It will grow to be more than 
twenty feet high. This tree is engaging at 
